TABLE 1.
Baseline medical diagnoses observed in patients with epilepsy compared to matched controls with no epilepsy.
|
Characteristic |
No epilepsy, n = 682,349 | Epilepsy, n = 682,349 | p | Total, n = 1,364,698 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years, mean ± SD | 61.4 ± 20.5 | 61.4 ± 20.5 | 1 | 61.4 ± 20.5 |
| Age, years, median (IQR) | 64.0 (47.0–78.0) | 64.0 (47.0–78.0) | ||
| Sex, male, n (%) | 360,485 (52.8) | 360,485 (52.8) | 1 | 720,970 (52.8) |
| Cardiovascular risk factors and lifestyle behaviors, n (%) | ||||
| Hypertension | 105,082 (15.4) | 257,382 (37.7) | <0.0001 | 362,464 (26.6) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 43,943 (6.4) | 103,649 (15.2) | <0.0001 | 147,592 (10.8) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 8734 (1.3) | 37,052 (5.4) | <0.0001 | 45,786 (3.4) |
| Smoker | 18,492 (2.7) | 75,058 (11.0) | <0.0001 | 93,550 (6.9) |
| Dyslipidaemia | 29,682 (4.4) | 90,207 (13.2) | <0.0001 | 119,889 (8.8) |
| Obesity | 29,546 (4.3) | 72,465 (10.6) | <0.0001 | 102,011 (7.5) |
| Alcohol‐related diagnoses | 14,398 (2.1) | 95,529 (14.0) | <0.0001 | 109,926 (8.1) |
| Poor nutrition | 23,405 (3.4) | 120,708 (17.7) | <0.0001 | 144,112 (10.6) |
| Cardiovascular outcomes, n (%) | ||||
| Heart failure | 29,750 (4.4) | 86,522 (12.7) | <0.0001 | 116,272 (8.5) |
| Previous MI | 8188 (1.2) | 14,056 (2.1) | <0.0001 | 22,245 (1.6) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 33,640 (4.9) | 91,435 (13.4) | <0.0001 | 125,075 (9.2) |
| Previous VF/sustained VT | 1474 (0.2) | 5356 (0.8) | <0.0001 | 6830 (0.5) |
| Previous cardiac arrest | 1760 (0.3) | 10,372 (1.5) | <0.0001 | 12,132 (0.9) |
| Ischaemic stroke | 8052 (1.2) | 60,524 (8.9) | <0.0001 | 68,576 (5.0) |
| Other cardiovascular‐related disorders, n (%) | ||||
| History of pulmonary oedema | 1494 (0.2) | 7574 (1.1) | <0.0001 | 9068 (0.7) |
| Valve disease | 9962 (1.5) | 29,409 (4.3) | <0.0001 | 39,372 (2.9) |
| Aortic stenosis | 4852 (0.7) | 13,101 (1.9) | <0.0001 | 17,953 (1.3) |
| Aortic regurgitation | 1467 (0.2) | 5868 (0.9) | <0.0001 | 7335 (0.5) |
| Mitral regurgitation | 3480 (0.5) | 11,941 (1.8) | <0.0001 | 15,421 (1.1) |
| Dilated cardiomyopathy | 4510 (0.7) | 16,445 (2.4) | <0.0001 | 20,955 (1.5) |
| Coronary artery disease | 33,503 (4.9) | 70,828 (10.4) | <0.0001 | 104,331 (7.6) |
| Previous PCI | 4183 (0.6) | 12,896 (1.9) | <0.0001 | 17,079 (1.3) |
| Previous CABG | 21 (0.0) | 1788 (0.3) | <0.0001 | 1809 (0.1) |
| Previous pacemaker or ICD | 6496 (1.0) | 21,767 (3.2) | <0.0001 | 28,263 (2.1) |
| Vascular disease | 23,200 (3.4) | 68,098 (10.0) | <0.0001 | 91,298 (6.7) |
| Intracranial bleeding | 4272 (0.6) | 60,320 (8.8) | <0.0001 | 64,591 (4.7) |
| Noncardiovascular pathology, n (% | ||||
| Lung disease | 21,835 (3.2) | 109,790 (16.1) | <0.0001 | 131,625 (9.6) |
| Sleep apnea syndrome | 9826 (1.4) | 31,388 (4.6) | <0.0001 | 41,214 (3.0) |
| COPD | 10,645 (1.6) | 41,487 (6.1) | <0.0001 | 52,131 (3.8) |
| Liver disease | 6557 (1.0) | 37,461 (5.5) | <0.0001 | 44,018 (3.2) |
| Thyroid diseases | 16,240 (2.4) | 53,019 (7.8) | <0.0001 | 69,258 (5.1) |
| Inflammatory disease | 11,805 (1.7) | 34,390 (5.0) | <0.0001 | 46,195 (3.4) |
| Anaemia | 20,470 (3.0) | 92,731 (13.6) | <0.0001 | 113,202 (8.3) |
| Previous cancer | 43,807 (6.4) | 112,110 (16.4) | <0.0001 | 155,917 (11.4) |
| Cognitive impairment | 19,038 (2.8) | 97,098 (14.2) | <0.0001 | 116,136 (8.5) |
Note: Values are n (%) or mean ± SD.
Abbreviations: CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator; IQR, interquartile range; MI, myocardial infarction; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; VF, ventricular fibrillation; VT, ventricular tachycardia.