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. 2024 Jun 15;16(6):2631–2645. doi: 10.4251/wjgo.v16.i6.2631

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©The Author(s) 2024. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial.

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Overview of the Mendelian randomization rationale, design, and procedures. GSCAN: Genome-wide association study and Sequencing Consortium of Alcohol and Nicotine Use; GWAS: Genome-wide association study; IVW: Inverse variance weighted; LD: Linkage disequilibrium; MDD: Major depressive disorder; MR: Mendelian randomization; MRC-IEU: The Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit; PGC: Psychiatric Genomics Consortium; SNP: Single nucleotide polymorphism; UVMR: Univariate Mendelian randomization.