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. 2024 Jun 27;15:1392239. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1392239

TABLE 7.

Heterogeneity test between innovative and generic drug companies.

Innovative drug Generic drug
Innovation input Innovation input Innovation input Innovation output
Quantity Quality Quantity Quality
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
Pro 4.325*** 0.122 0.0213 0.895*** −0.290*** 0.0967***
(1.435) (0.134) (0.0231) (0.303) (0.0976) (0.0285)
Constant 2.809 5.487*** 0.530*** 1.818 0.361 0.313***
(10.40) (1.507) (0.0993) (1.799) (0.452) (0.0555)
Control variables Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Company dummies Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Year dummies Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Observations 184 184 184 1128 1128 1128
R-squared 0.376 0.161 0.115 0.193 0.038 0.020
Number of Company 23 23 23 141 141 141

Note: Robust standard errors clustered at the company level in parentheses, ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1.