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. 2024 Jul 10;14:15996. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-66637-2

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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By using optical fluorescence imaging, one can observe the INS being taken in by Rat's nose. A) Shaved control rat, FITC-IN. B) Fluorescence images of the Brain, 15 min (top left row), 1 h (top right row), 3 h (bottom left row), and 5 h (bottom right row) after intranasal administration of FITC- IN suspension are shown. C) Optical imaging of the organs (5 h after injection, rats were slaughtered, and the organs were taken out). The images that were produced matched the outcomes of in vivo imaging.