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. 2024 Jul 11;7:846. doi: 10.1038/s42003-024-06522-w

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Abundances obtained by qPCR quantification of nifH gene in bulk (gray) and rhizosphere soil (red) of all investigated plants across different fertilization treatments. Unfertilized, N and P field treatments were sampled in 2014, and NPK treatment was sampled in 2018. The upper and lower hinges indicate the first and third quartiles. Significant differences (p < 0.05) based on ANOVA results between both microenvironments are indicated (*). Exact sample sizes: unfertilized (n = 45 biologically independent samples), N (n = 45 biologically independent samples), NPK (n = 47 biologically independent samples), P (n = 44 biologically independent samples).