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. 2024 Jul 11;7:846. doi: 10.1038/s42003-024-06522-w

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination plots of nifH genes and transcripts (cDNA) in bulk soil, rhizosphere soil, rhizoplane, and roots of the grass species Anthoxanthum odoratum and Arrhenatherum elatius in the unfertilized treatment based on Bray–Curtis metric (stress value = 0.20). Ellipses indicate the 95% confidence interval. Exact sample sizes cDNA: bulk soil (n = 4 biologically independent samples), rhizosphere (n = 6 biologically independent samples), rhizoplane (n = 6 biologically independent samples), root (n = 9 biologically independent samples. Exact sample sizes DNA: for bulk soil, rhizosphere, rhizoplane, root (n = 12 biologically independent samples). b Taxonomic composition of the active diazotroph community (cDNA) and the DNA-based diazotroph community associated with bulk soil, rhizosphere, rhizoplane and roots of both grasses of the unfertilized treatment. Stacked bars reflect relative abundances (%) and are colored based on order level. Exact sample sizes cDNA and DNA: bulk soil (n = 4 biologically independent samples), rhizosphere (n = 6 biologically independent samples), rhizoplane (n = 6 biologically independent samples), root (n = 9 biologically independent samples). Bulk bulk soil, RS rhizosphere soil, RP rhizoplane.