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. 2024 Jul 11;7:846. doi: 10.1038/s42003-024-06522-w

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination plots of a diazotroph communities (based on nifH genes) (stress value = 0.12) and b general microbial communities (based on 16S rRNA genes) (stress value = 0.09) in bulk soil from all investigated fertilization treatments (unfertilized—gray; N—yellow, NPK—red; P—blue) based on Bray–Curtis metric. Years correspond to the sampling timepoints of the respective soil (unfertilized—2014, N—2014, P—2014, NPK—2018). Ellipses indicate the 95% confidence interval. Venn diagrams depict shared and unique OTUs of sequenced c diazotroph and d general microbial communities across investigated fertilization treatments. e Differential abundance analysis (DESeq2) results showing significantly (p < 0.05) differentially abundant nifH OTUs in bulk soils across investigated fertilization treatments. Pairwise treatment comparisons are indicated on top of each panel, and log2 fold-change values (x-axis) are shown. Dots, colored by order, represent significantly differentially abundant OTUs.