Figure 2. The four pillars of AKD intervention.

These pillars constitute the cornerstone of current, up-to-date therapy for AKD, including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi)/ angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB)/mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA), sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i), glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA), and multidisciplinary care (MDC). Nonetheless, it’s essential to acknowledge that the efficacy of this approach may fluctuate according to individual patient necessities and the particular healthcare context.

AKD, acute kidney disease. Icons were created with www.biorender.com and additional icons were made by Freepik from www.flaticon.com.