Table 2.

Summary of renal tubule-on-a-chip research report.

Cell types	Objectives	Findfings	References
Renal cortical tubule epithelial cells (RCTEC) of distal tubule origin	The development of a device that controls the shear stress on renal tubule cilia while simultaneously monitoring real-time fluctuations in intracellular calcium levels	The developed microfluidic device is useful for morphological analysis of primary cilia under low perfusion conditions	[40]
Ureteric bud cells dissected from E15.5 mouse embryonic kidneys	Influence of fluid shear stress (FSS) on ureteric bud cells	Important correlation between due to urine flow and kidney development and function	[41]
Primary rat inner medullary collecting duct cells (IMCDC)	Developed a multilayer microfluidic device capable of mimicking renal tubule function	The microfluidic device developed is useful for mimicking the tubular system of the renal tubules in the human body	[42]
Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (MDCKC) and adipose-derived stem cells (CG-ASC)	To enhance the functionality of renal tubular cells, a microfluidic co-culture platform has been developed	In the microfluidic device co-cultured with CG-ASC, the promotion of ciliogenesis in MDCK and the functional expression of ion transport proteins were confirmed	[43]
Renal Proximal Tubule Epithelial Cells (RPTEC) and Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVEC)	Development and evaluation of renal proximal tubule-on-chip	RPTEC and HUVEC co-culture demonstrated efficient cell adhesion within 30 min	[44]
RPTEC/Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (TERT1) cells and HUVEC	Development of a technique for co-culturing organoid-derived cells and immortalized RPTEC within a chip	The morphology of proximal tubule epithelial cells improved with increased microvilli and transporter localization, leading to an increase in the transport of glucose and albumin	[45]