Fig 8.

HIF-1α promotes TGEV-induced inflammatory responses by activating glycolysis. (A) Intestinal organoids were infected with TGEV followed by BAY87 (5 µM) for 48 h, then VEGF and PKM2 mRNA levels, and lactate production were determined by RT-qPCR. (B) Transcription levels of VEGF and PKM2 and lactate production in the ileum were detected by RT-qPCR. (C and D) Intestinal organoids were infected with TGEV followed by 2-DG (5 mM) for 48 h, then transcription levels of TNF-α, IL-8, IL-6, and IL-1β (C) and TGEV viral load (D) were determined by RT-qPCR. (E) Intestinal organoids were incubated with different concentrations of 2-DG for 48 h and cell viability was assessed using a Cell Counting Kit-8. Results are presented as mean ± SD of data from three independent experiments *, P ≤ 0.05; **, P ≤ 0.01; ***, P ≤ 0.001, determined by two-tailed Student’s t test.