. 2024 May 20;9(6):e00048-24. doi: 10.1128/msystems.00048-24

TABLE 2.

Effects of probiotic or synbiotic supplementation in sow-offspring diets on intramuscular fat and medium- and long-chain fatty acid content in the psoas major muscle of offspring piglets (%)^a

Item^b	C group	SOA group	SOP group	SOS group	SEM	P values
Intramuscular fat
65 days old	1.498^a	1.532^a	0.986^b	1.864^a	0.132	0.001
95 days old	1.080^b	1.102^b	1.447^a	1.083^b	0.080	0.006
125 days old	1.681^a	1.798^a	1.812^a	1.297^b	0.102	0.007
C12:0
65 days old	0.043^ab	0.045^a	0.038^b	0.041^ab	0.002	0.043
95 days old	—	—	—	—	—	—
125 days old	—	—	—	—	—	—
C14:0
65 days old	0.346	0.370	0.341	0.382	0.014	0.171
95 days old	0.311	0.279	0.310	0.323	0.014	0.185
125 days old	0.437	0.399	0.419	0.408	0.020	0.557
C15:0
65 days old	0.036	0.035	0.035	0.035	0.003	0.994
95 days old	0.030	0.029	0.028	0.030	0.001	0.641
125 days old	—	—	—	—	—	—
C16:0
65 days old	7.220^a	7.384^a	6.732^b	7.171^a	0.085	<0.001
95 days old	6.600^a	6.161^b	6.502^a	6.611^a	0.115	0.032
125 days old	—	—	—	—	—	—
C16:1
65 days old	0.916^a	0.922^a	0.929^a	0.822^b	0.026	0.022
95 days old	0.529	0.514	0.583	0.550	0.029	0.377
125 days old	0.654^ab	0.578^b	0.722^a	0.597^b	0.030	0.016
C17:0
65 days old	0.113	0.111	0.122	0.114	0.007	0.667
95 days old	0.073	0.084	0.078	0.089	0.004	0.051
125 days old	0.108	0.137	0.104	0.107	0.008	0.057
C18:0
65 days old	4.300^ab	4.460^a	3.995^a	4.236^b	0.063	<0.001
95 days old	4.507	4.470	4.515	4.451	0.076	0.927
125 days old	5.032^ab	5.170^ab	4.925^a	5.296^a	0.065	0.003
C18:1n9c
65 days old	6.786^a	6.678^a	6.014^b	6.859^a	0.171	0.006
95 days old	6.222^a	5.545^b	6.235^a	6.530^a	0.119	<0.001
125 days old	8.759^ab	9.384^ab	9.584^a	8.493^b	0.250	0.018
C18:1n9t
65 days old	0.035^a	0.033^ab	0.028^b	0.030^b	0.001	0.008
95 days old	0.028^b	0.035^a	0.034^a	0.031^ab	0.001	0.001
125 days old	0.039	0.037	0.036	0.037	0.003	0.884
C18:2n6c
65 days old	5.290^ab	6.505^a	5.719^b	4.918^a	0.180	<0.001
95 days old	5.221	5.192	4.735	4.739	0.176	0.091
125 days old	4.752	4.487	4.745	5.044	0.229	0.463
C18:3n3
65 days old	0.151^ab	0.162^a	0.151^ab	0.144^b	0.003	0.005
95 days old	0.111	—	—	—	—	—
125 days old	0.125	0.113	0.110	0.117	0.005	0.108
C18:3n6
65 days old	—	—	—	—	—	—
95 days old	0.036	0.036	0.036	0.033	0.002	0.354
125 days old	—	—	—	—	—	—
C20:0
65 days old	0.050^a	0.052^a	0.038^b	0.049^a	0.002	0.001
95 days old	0.046	0.045	0.047	0.050	0.001	0.096
125 days old	0.058	0.065	0.061	0.061	0.002	0.163
C20:1
65 days old	0.165^ab	0.184^a	0.146^b	0.171^ab	0.007	0.009
95 days old	0.187^a	0.108^b	0.107^b	0.110^b	0.008	<0.001
125 days old	0.274^b	0.337^a	0.303^ab	0.263^b	0.017	0.035
C20:2
65 days old	0.147^ab	0.154^a	0.131^b	0.138^ab	0.005	0.020
95 days old	0.133	0.138	0.124	0.117	0.006	0.141
125 days old	0.120	0.122	0.109	0.129	0.006	0.229
C20:3n6
65 days old	0.155^b	0.176^a	0.141^ab	0.131^a	0.006	<0.001
95 days old	0.151^ab	0.176^a	0.162^ab	0.139^b	0.008	0.017
125 days old	0.139	0.143	0.143	0.151	0.011	0.880
C20:4n6
65 days old	1.596	1.779	1.534	1.298	0.117	0.054
95 days old	1.696	1.732	1.559	1.455	0.110	0.296
125 days old	1.294^b	1.257^b	1.254^b	1.757^a	0.077	<0.001
C22:6n3
65 days old	0.056^b	0.085^a	0.062^b	0.050^b	0.005	<0.001
95 days old	0.049^ab	0.047^ab	0.034^b	0.062^a	0.004	0.001
125 days old	—	—	—	—	—	—
C24:0
65 days old	0.094^b	0.110^a	0.087^bb	0.081^b	0.005	0.001
95 days old	0.091	0.094	0.087	0.098	0.005	0.441
125 days old	0.109^b	0.131^ab	0.136^ab	0.147^a	0.008	0.018
SFA
65 days old	12.241^a	12.536^a	11.632^b	11.987^ab	0.166	0.005
95 days old	11.722^ab	11.178^b	11.564^ab	11.850^a	0.162	0.039
125 days old	5.727	5.931	5.624	5.984	0.122	0.165
UFA
65 days old	15.643^ab	15.911^a	14.997^ab	14.739^a	0.238	0.005
95 days old	13.924	13.585	13.543	13.386	0.197	0.293
125 days old	19.027	18.696	18.882	19.328	0.321	0.602
MUFA
65 days old	8.282^a	7.792^a	7.038^b	8.001^a	0.251	0.011
95 days old	6.796^a	6.205^b	6.965^a	7.027^a	0.165	0.006
125 days old	12.368	12.613	12.587	11.731	0.549	0.663
PUFA
65 days old	7.769^ab	8.455^a	7.748^ab	6.625^b	0.329	0.005
95 days old	7.138	7.234	6.646	6.359	0.279	0.118
125 days old	6.533	5.970	5.911	6.729	0.485	0.568
n-3 PUFA
65 days old	0.207^b	0.235^a	0.211^b	0.198^b	0.007	0.005
95 days old	0.132^a	0.070^b	0.063^b	0.055^b	0.007	<0.001
125 days old	0.126	0.113	0.110	0.119	0.006	0.233
n-6 PUFA
65 days old	7.416^ab	8.067^a	7.400^ab	6.298^b	0.321	0.005
95 days old	6.882	7.261	6.478	6.218	0.281	0.072
125 days old	6.136	5.848	5.807	6.600T	0.447	0.598
PUFA/SFA
65 days old	0.623^a	0.671^a	0.676^a	0.539^b	0.024	0.001
95 days old	0.620^a^b	0.674^a	0.575^b	0.564^b	0.020	0.003
125 days old	1.087	1.008	1.102	1.121	0.086	0.835
n-3/n-6 PUFA
65 days old	0.028	0.028	0.028	0.031	0.001	0.083
95 days old	0.020^a	0.010^b	0.010^b	0.008^b	0.001	<0.001
125 days old	0.020	0.020	0.019	0.019	0.001	0.915

^{^a}

Data are expressed as means with the SEM. Different superscript lowercase letters within the same row not followed by the same letter differ significantly (P < 0.05). C, control group; SOA, antibiotic supplementation in sow-offspring diets; SOP, probiotic supplementation in sow-offspring diets; SOS, synbiotic supplementation in sow-offspring diets. The replicates per group at 65 days old were 8. The replicates of the C, SOA, SOP, and SOS groups at 95 days old were 8, 8, 8, and 7, respectively. The replicates of the C, SOA, SOP, and SOS groups at 125 days old were 8, 5, 6, and 6, respectively.

^{^b}

SFA, saturated fatty acid; UFA, unsaturated fatty acid; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid. The SFA include C12:0, C14:0, C15:0, C16:0, C17:0, C18:0, C20:0, and C24:0; the UFA include C16:1, C18:1n9c, C18:1n9t, C18:2n6c, C18:3n3, C18:3n6, C20:1, C20:2, C20:3n6, C20:4n6, and C22:6n3; the MUFA include C16:1, C18:1n9c, C18:1n9t, and C20:1; the PUFA include C18:2n6c, C18:3n3, C20:2, C20:3n6, C20:4n6, and C22:6n3; the n-3 PUFA include C18:3n3, C18:3n6, and C22:6n3; the n-6 PUFA include C18:2n6c, C20:3n6, and C20:4n6. “—” indicates that the content of the corresponding index is below the detection limit.