Table 1.
Participant characteristics by disease severity group (n=231).
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A (clinically normal; n=139) | B (prodromal; n=49) | C (symptomatic; n=43) | P value | Pairwise comparisonsa |
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| Demographics | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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Age (years), mean (SD) | 46.3 (13.9) | 59.7 (12.1) | 64.3 (9.3) | <.001 | A<B, C | |||||||||||||||||
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Sex (male), n (%) | 41 (29.5) | 30 (61.2) | 23 (53.5) | <.001 | A<B, C | |||||||||||||||||
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Education (years), mean (SD) | 16.3 (2.1) | 16.5 (2.4) | 16.7 (2.4) | .61 | N/Ab | |||||||||||||||||
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Race and ethnicity (non-Hispanic White), n (%) | 134 (96.4) | 48 (98) | 41 (95.3) | .79 | N/A | |||||||||||||||||
| Study characteristics | N/A | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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Total study days, mean (SD) | 28.3 (4.2) | 28.1 (4.3) | 28.6 (4.2) | .88 |
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Smartphone type, n (%) | .42 |
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iOS | 97 (69.8) | 37 (75.5) | 27 (62.8) |
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Android | 42 (30.2) | 12 (24.5) | 16 (37.2) |
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Estimated smartphone age (years), mean (SD) | 2.7 (1.5) | 3.0 (1.5) | 2.9 (1.6) | .30 |
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Genetic status |
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Genetic testing results, n (%) | .56 |
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Not available | 34 (24) | 13 (26.5) | 13 (30.2) |
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Available | 105 (75.5) | 36 (73.5) | 30 (69.8) |
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Mutation carrier | 55 (52.4) | 15 (41.7) | 7 (23.3) |
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C9orf72c | 29 (52.7) | 8 (53.3) | 3 (42.9) |
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GRNd | 7 (12.7) | 1 (6.7) | 0 (0) |
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MAPTe | 16 (29.1) | 6 (40) | 3 (42.9) |
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Otherf | 3 (5.5) | 0 (0) | 1 (14.3) |
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Clinical phenotype | N/A |
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Mild cognitive impairmentg | N/A | 39 (79.6) | N/A |
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bvFTDh | N/A | N/A | 25 (58.1) |
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svPPAi | N/A | N/A | 6 (14) |
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nfvPPAj | N/A | N/A | 3 (7) |
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lvPPAk | N/A | N/A | 1 (2.3) |
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PSP-RSl | N/A | 3 (6.1) | 4 (9.3) |
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CBSm | N/A | 2 (4.1) | 2 (4.7) |
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Othern | N/A | 5 (10.2) | 2 (4.7) |
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aPairwise comparisons were evaluated with the Tukey honestly significant difference test.
bN/A: not applicable.
cC9orf72: chromosome 9 open reading frame 72.
dGRN: progranulin.
eMAPT: microtubule-associated protein tau.
fIdentified pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in genes less commonly identified as genetic causes of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD; ie, other than C9orf72, GRN, or MAPT). The specific genetic variant is not provided to protect participant anonymity.
gIncludes behavior-, cognitive-, and language-predominant mild cognitive impairment syndromes.
hbvFTD: behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia.
isvPPA: semantic variant primary progressive aphasia.
jnfvPPA: nonfluent variant primary progressive aphasia.
klvPPA: logopenic variant primary progressive aphasia.
lPSP-RS: progressive supranuclear palsy–Richardson syndrome.
mCBS: corticobasal syndrome.
nIncludes FTLD-amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or a change in neurobehavior that may not meet full diagnostic criteria for any particular FTLD syndrome.