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. 2024 Jun 26;7:e52831. doi: 10.2196/52831

Table 3.

Results of separate linear mixed effects regression models showing significant relationships between battery percentage trajectories throughout the day and executive functioning, memory, language, visuospatial skills, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and whole brain gray matter volume (lower order terms and covariates are not displayed).


β (95% CI) P value
Executive functioning

Time of day (linear)×UDS3-EFa composite score .24 (.17 to .31) <.001

Time of day (quadratic)×UDS3-EF composite score −.65 (−.80 to −.50) <.001

Time of day (cubic)×UDS3-EF composite score .38 (.28 to .47) <.001
Memory

Time of day (linear)×memory z score .21 (.13 to .28) <.001

Time of day (quadratic)×memory z score −.58 (−.74 to −.42) <.001

Time of day (cubic)×memory z score .34 (.24 to .44) <.001
Language

Time of day (linear)×MINTb z score .07 (.00 to .15) .05

Time of day (quadratic)×MINT z score −.24 (−.40 to −.08) .002

Time of day (cubic)×MINT z score .15 (.05 to .25) .004
Visuospatial skills

Time of day (linear)×Benson Complex Figure Copy z score .10 (.04 to .16) .001

Time of day (quadratic)×Benson Complex Figure Copy z score −.28 (−.38 to −.19) <.001

Time of day (cubic)×Benson Complex Figure Copy z score .19 (.13 to .25) <.001
Neuropsychiatric symptoms

Time of day (linear)×NPIc total score −.06 (−.13 to .01) .08

Time of day (quadratic)×NPI total score .25 (.10 to .39) .001

Time of day (cubic)×NPI total score −.15 (−.25 to −.05) .002
Gray matter volume (n=189)

Time of day (linear)×gray matter volume .22 (.14 to .29) <.001

Time of day (quadratic)×gray matter volume −.73 (−.88 to −.57) <.001

Time of day (cubic)×gray matter volume .45 (.35 to .55) <.001

aUDS3-EF: Uniform Data Set (Version 3) Executive Function.

bMINT: Multilingual Naming Test.

cNPI: Neuropsychiatric Inventory.