. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Jul 11.

Published in final edited form as: J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2022 Jun 18;44(8):601–611. doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2022.02.004

Table 6.

Comparison of Samples on Continuous Primary Outcomes


	MTURK	RAND

Outcome	M (SD)	M (SD)	t-test	df	M Diff (95% CI)	d	Practical Significance

Oswestry Disability Index	20.45 (12.75)	24.85 (14.77)	−4.92^**	399	−4.41 (−6.16, − 2.65)	0.3 4	Small
Avg pain, 7 day NRS	3.87 (2.05)	4.08 (2.10)	−1.64 ns	1982	−0.21 (−0.46, 0.04)	0.1 0	Trivial
Worse pain, 7 day NRS	5.64 (2.44)	5.94 (2.47)	−2.00^*	1964	−0.30 (−0.60, − 0.01)	0.1 2	Trivial
Pain if no chiro care, NRS	6.77 (2.34)	5.94 (2.23)	5.58^**	1430	0.83 (0.54, 1.12)	0.3 6	Small

Note. Oswestry Disability Index (0–100). NRS Numeric Rating Scale (0–10). ns, non-significant.

p < .05.

^**

p < .0001. 95% CI, 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference. Cohen’s d effect sizes are in absolute values. Practical significance assessed using 50% change for ODI, >1.5 points on NRS measures.