. 2024 Jul 10;22:53. doi: 10.1186/s12955-024-02268-5

Table 2.

Summary of Criteria for Item Selection for Remaining Items (Additional Information in Appendix Tables 4A-5E)

Item Description Problems with…	Age Group	Rasch Criteria^b							Other Psychometric Criteria^a,b			Expert and Parent Opinion^b
		Total Score^c	Mean Item Level Performance^d (Range Across Subsamples)			Disordered Thresholds	DIF^e	Item Misfit	% Response Ceiling (Never)	% Response Floor (Almost always)	Int. Consistency^f	Best Item – Experts^g	Best Item – Parents^h
		Total Score^c	p-valueⁱ	Fit Residual^j	Spread	Disordered Thresholds	DIF^e	Item Misfit	% Response Ceiling (Never)	% Response Floor (Almost always)	Int. Consistency^f	Best Item – Experts^g	Best Item – Parents^h
Physical Functioning^k
Phys2. Running	2-5y	0/3^l	–	–	–	2 samples	No DIF	3 samples	91.8%	0.3%	0.62^m	0/6	1/6
	6-13y	4/5	0.08 (0.004, 0.13)	1.13 (1.09, 1.17)	0.68 (0.64, 0.72)	None	None	1 sample	76.0%	1.8%	0.82	0/6	0/6
	14-17y	3/3^l	0.06 (0.02, 0.09)	0.70 (0.11, 1.10)	0.63 (0.56, 0.78)	None	No DIF	None	70.6%	2.3%	0.82	0/6	0/3
Phys3. Participating in exercise	2-5y	0/3^l	–	–	–	3 samples	No DIF	3 samples	80.5%	0.6%	0.67ⁿ	5/6	5/6
	6-13y	4/5	0.26 (0.06, 0.63)	0.42 (0.08, 1.16)	0.59 (0.54, 0.64)	1 sample	None	1 sample	73.1%	3.1%	0.86	5/6	6/6
	14-17y	3/3^l	0.05 (0.02, 0.13)	0.37 (0.002, 0.57)	0.61 (0.50, 0.72)	None	No DIF	None	67.7%	3.5%	0.87	5/6	3/3
Emotional Functioning
Emot1. Feeling afraid or scared	2-5y	4/5	0.16 (0.05, 0.40)	0.90 (0.30, 1.38)	1.10 (0.99, 1.28)	1 sample	No DIF	No misfit	23.0%	0.3%	0.72	3/6	4/6
	6-13y	2/5	0.27 (0.08, 0.45)	1.13 (0.86, 1.41)	1.09 (0.96, 1.22)	1 sample	2 samples (Sex)	No misfit	35.8%	0.5%	0.77	0/6	1/6
	14-17y	2/5	0.06 (0.005, 0.12)	1.23 (0.85, 1.62)	0.94 (0.76, 1.12)	1 sample	2 samples (Sex) 1 sample (SHCN status^o and Sex)	No misfit	53.0%	0.5%	0.78	0/6	0/3
Emot3. Feeling angry	2-5y	4/5	0.51 (0.09, 0.84)	0.72 (0.26, 1.72)	1.57 (1.24, 1.97)	1 sample	1 sample (Sex)	No misfit	12.2%	0.2%	0.67	0/6	0/6
	6-13y	1/5	0.25^p	1.13	0.97	None	3 samples (Sex) 1 sample (SHCN status and Sex)	4 samples	15.4%	0.7%	0.69	0/6	0/6
	14-17y	1/5	0.57^p	1.50	1.08	None	3 samples (Sex)	1 sample	19.0%	1.0%	0.75	0/6	0/3
Emot5. Worrying	2-5y	4/5	0.05 (0.004, 0.11)	1.26 (0.03, 1.81)	0.99 (0.76, 1.28)	None	No DIF	1 sample	50.9%	0.2%	0.72	1/6	2/6
	6-13y	5/5	0.25 (0.04, 0.51)	0.52 (0.38, 0.74)	0.98 (0.75, 1.32)	None	No DIF	No misfit	39.7%	0.9%	0.77	1/6	3/6
	14-17y	5/5	0.33 (0.01, 0.68)	1.20 (0.47, 1.69)	0.99 (0.81, 1.12)	None	No DIF	No misfit	36.6%	1.1%	0.81	1/6	2/3
Social Functioning
Soc2. Others not wanting to be friends	2-5y	4/5	0.11 (0.01, 0.36)	1.28 (0.18, 2.23)	1.14 (0.88, 1.34)	1 sample	No DIF	No misfit	46.8%	0.2%	0.75	2/6	3/6
	6-13y	4/5	0.24 (0.02, 0.90)	1.17 (0.42, 1.64)	1.25 (0.75, 1.84)	1 sample	1 sample (Sex)	No misfit	43.4%	0.9%	0.78	2/6	1/6
	14-17y	3/5	0.17 (0.09, 0.27)	0.65 (0.46, 1.0)	1.04 (0.76, 1.35)	1 sample	2 samples (Sex)	No misfit	51.4%	0.6%	0.80	2/6	1/3
Soc3. Getting teased	2-5y	4/5	0.10 (0.01, 0.27)	1.05 (0.63, 2.15)	1.02 (0.81, 1.18)	1 sample	No DIF	No misfit	60.8%	0.1%	0.68	0/6	0/6
	6-13y	1/5	0.22^p	0.31	0.92	3 samples	1 sample (SHCN status)	No misfit	42.4%	0.7%	0.76	0/6	0/6
	14-17y	2/5	0.57 (0.44, 0.70)	0.43 (0.01, 0.86)	0.87 (0.77, 0.97)	2 samples	1 sample (Sex)	No misfit	54.0%	0.6%	0.77	0/6	0/3
School Functioning
School3. Keeping up with schoolwork	2-5y	Only item included – Rasch analysis not performed^q							62.5%	2.6%	N/A	6/6	6/6
	6-13y	0/5	–	–	–	3 samples	5 samples (Sex)	No misfit	39.2%	5.0%	0.89	6/6	6/6
	14-17y	4/5	0.83 (0.76, 0.87)	0.44 (0.34, 0.60)	1.13 (1.08, 1.22)	1 sample	1 sample (Sex)	No misfit	26.5%	5.4%	0.89	6/6	3/3
School Absence
SchAbs1. Missing school because sick	2-5y^r	2/5	0.15 (0.10, 0.19)	0.37 (0.17, 0.57)	2.08 (1.86, 2.30)	1 sample	2 samples (SHCN status)	No misfit	58.2%	0.1%	0.91	6/6	6/6
	6-13y	4/5	0.06 (0.01, 0.15)	0.53 (0.33, 0.73)	1.67 (1.10, 2.03)	None	No DIF	1 sample	47.0%	0.3%	0.90	6/6	6/6
	14-17y	3/5	0.04 (0.02, 0.06)	0.09 (0.02, 0.16)	1.22 (1.14, 1.32)	None	No DIF	2 samples	38.3%	1.2%	0.91	6/6	3/3

Abbreviations: DIF differential item functioning, Emot Emotional Functioning, Int. Consistency internal consistency, N/A not applicable, Phys Physical Functioning, SCHN special healthcare needs, SchAbs School Absence, School School Functioning, Soc Social Functioning, y years

^aPsychometric criteria were assessed using the full LSAC sample (n = 45,207) rather than using just the Rasch analysis subsamples

^bResults from Rasch analyses for all items shown in Appendix Tables 4A-4F and psychometric analysis and expert and parent opinion for all items shown in Appendix Tables 5A-5E

^cTotal score = number of subsamples item performed well on all Rasch criteria (out of five subsamples)

^dMean item level performance calculated using only the subsamples that the item performed well on all Rasch criteria

^eA p-value < 0.05 (with Bonferroni adjustment) was used to determine presence of DIF

^fCorrelation of item score with dimension score for dimensions identified for the PedsUtil HSCS (i.e., Spearman’s correlation coefficient)

^gNumber of experts (out of n = 6) that chose an item as the best item to represent this dimension

^hNumber of parents that chose an item as the best item to represent this dimension. There were n = 6 parents with children 2–5 years old, n = 6 parents with children 6–13 years old, and n = 3 parents for children 14–17 years old (n = 12 parents but some parents had children in different age groups so total adds up to more than 12)

ⁱp-value for the individual item $χ^{2}$ statistics

^jFit residuals may be positive or negative, thus absolute value of the fit residuals reported in the table

^kResults from supplemental Rasch analyses shown in table

^lInsufficient sample size to obtain five subsamples so only three subsamples were created for supplemental analyses

^mCorrelation of Phys2 with Physical Functioning dimension if the dimension included only three items (Phys1-Phys3) was 0.86 for age group 2–5 years, 0.93 for age group 6–13 years, and 0.92 for age group 14–17 years

ⁿCorrelation of Phys3 with Physical Functioning dimension if the dimension included only three items (Phys1-Phys3) was 0.83 for age group 2–5 years, 0.91 for age group 6–13 years, and 0.91 for age group 14–17 years

^oSpecial healthcare needs status defined as children with special healthcare needs or typically functioning children

^pOnly one subsample performed well on all Rasch criteria, thus no range reported in table

^qSchool3 is only item included in the PedsQL for this dimension for this age group, thus Rasch analysis was not performed

^rSchool Absence items were not asked for children aged 2–3 years in the LSAC, thus results reflect responses for children aged 4–5 years