Table 2.
Description of the surgical site infections according to the site and the period
| Variables | SSI | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | North | South | ||||||||
| n = 100 |
North Total n= 54 |
2014 – 2017 n= 24 |
2017 – 2020 n= 30 |
P value |
South Total n= 46 |
2014 – 2017 n= 18 |
2017 – 2020 n= 28 |
P value | ||
| Age (in years), median (Q1-Q3) | 66 (56.5 – 74) | 65 (49.5 – 72.5) | 59.5 (45.5 – 70.5) | 66 (51 – 75) | 0.240 | 68.5 (60.25 – 74) | 72 (64 – 78) | 66 (59 (71.5) | 0.057 | |
| Male gender, n(%) | 61 (60.0) | 33 (60.0) | 12 (50.0) | 21 (70.0) | 0.134 | 28 (60.9) | 11 (61.1) | 17 (60.7) | 0.979 | |
| BMI (in kg/m2), median (Q1-Q3) | 28.9 (25.3 – 33.6) | 28.8 (24.9 – 32.9) | 30.2 (25.4 – 35.4) | 28.1 (24.8 – 32.1) | 0.134 | 29.6 (26.4 – 34.8) | 28.4 (26.4 – 31.1) | 31.3 (26.7 – 35.7) | 0.405 | |
| CCI, median (Q1-Q3) | 1 (0 – 2) | 0 (0 – 2) | 0.5 (0 – 2.5) | 0 (0 – 2) | 0.300 | 1 (0 – 2) | 1 (0 – 2) | 1 (0 – 2.5) | 0.615 | |
| ASA score, n (%) | 1 | 18 (18.0) | 11 (20.4) | 6 (25.0) | 5 (16.7) | 0.668 | 7 (15.2) | 1 (5.6) | 6 (21.4) | 0.078 |
| 2 | 41 (41.0) | 21 (38.9) | 8 (33.3) | 13 (43.3) | 20 (43.5) | 6 (33.3) | 14 (50.0) | |||
| 3 | 40 (40.0) | 22 (40.7) | 10 (41.7) | 12 (40.0) | 18 (39.1) | 11 (61.1) | 7 (25.0) | |||
| 4 | 1 (1.0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (2.2) | 0 | 1 (3.6) | |||
| Altemeier classification, n (%) | 1 | 99 (99.0) | 53 (98.2) | 23 (95.83) | 30 (100) | 0.444 | 46 (100) | 18 (100) | 28 (100) | - |
| 2 | 1 (1.0) | 1 (1.8) | 1 (4.2) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Time between admission and the surgery (in hours), median (Q1-Q3) | 18 (17 – 20) | 19 (17 – 21) | 19 (17 – 21.5) | 19 (17 – 22) | 0.680 | 17 (17 – 19) | 17 (17 – 19) | 17 (17 – 18.5) | 0.881 | |
| Duration of the surgery (in minutes), median (Q1-Q3) | 85 (65 – 125) | 113 (75 – 152.75) | 127 (88 – 153.5) | 87 (68 – 144) | 0.183 | 72 (59.3 – 100.3) | 75 (65 – 106) | 71 (58 – 81) | 0.350 | |
| Type of surgery n (%) | OS of the UEF | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.038 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.074 |
| Other OS | 17 (17.0) | 14 (25.9) | 9 (37.5) | 5 (16.7) | 3 (6.5) | 2 (11.1) | 1 (3.6) | |||
| Knee prostheses | 37 (37.0) | 12 (22.2) | 8 (33.3) | 4 (13.3) | 25 (54.3) | 11 (61.1) | 14 (50.0) | |||
| Hip prostheses | 28 (28.0) | 15 (27.8) | 5 (20.8) | 10 (33.3) | 13 (28.3) | 2 (11.1) | 11 (39.3) | |||
| Revision of knee prosthesis | 4 (4.0) | 2 (3.7) | 0 | 2 (6.7) | 2 (4.4) | 2 (11.1) | 0 | |||
| Revision of hip prosthesis | 14 (14.0) | 11 (20.4) | 2 (8.3) | 9 (30.0) | 3 (6.5) | 1 (5.6) | 2 (7.1) | |||
| Smoking, n (%) | n= 98 | 0.079 | n= 44 | n= 26 | 0.682 | |||||
| 19 (19.4) | 12 (22.2) | 8 (33.3) | 4 (13.3) | 7 (15.9) | 2 (11.1) | 5 (19.2) | ||||
| Alcoholism, n (%) | n = 99 | 1.000 | n= 45 | n= 27 | 1.000 | |||||
| 4 (4.0) | 1 (1.9) | 0 | 1 (3.3) | 3 (6.7) | 1 (5.6) | 2 (7.4) | ||||
| IV drug abuse, n (%) | 0 | |||||||||
| Presence of HBP, n (%) | 58 (58.0) | 26 (48.2) | 10 (41.7) | 16 (53.3) | 0.394 | 32 (69.6) | 14 (77.8) | 18 (64.3) | 0.332 | |
| Presence of diabetes, n (%) | 26 (26.0) | 12 (22.2) | 8 (33.3) | 4 (13.3) | 0.079 | 14 (30.4) | 8 (44.4) | 6 (21.4) | 0.098 | |
| Presence of immunosuppression, n (%) | 4 (4.0) | 1 (1.8) | 0 | 1 (3.3) | 1.000 | 3 (6.5) | 2 (11.1) | 1 (3.6) | 0.552 | |
| Presence of negligence, n (%) | 3 (3.0) | 1 (1.8) | 0 | 1 (3.3) | 1.000 | 2 (4.3) | 0 | 2 (7.1) | 0.513 | |
| Preoperative shower taken on D0, n (%) |
n= 97 62 (63.9) |
n= 53 39 (73.6) |
16 (66.7) |
n= 29 23 (79.3) |
0.299 |
n= 44 23 (52.3) |
2 (11.1) |
n= 26 21 (80.8) |
<0.001 | |
| Preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis: suitable molecule, n (%) | n= 96 | n= 53 | n= 23 | 0.434 | n= 43 | n= 16 | n= 27 | |||
| 95 (99.0) | 52 (98.1) | 22 (95.7) | 30 (100) | 43 (100) | 16 (100) | 27 (100) | ||||
| Operating theatre, n (%) | 0.947 | n= 44 | n= 17 | 0.697 | ||||||
| 1 North | 38 (70.4) | 17 (70.8) | 21 (70.0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| 2 North | 16 (29.6) | 7 (29.2) | 9 (30.0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| 1 South | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11 (25.0) | 5 (31.3) | 6 (21.4) | ||||
| 2 South | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17 (38.6) | 5 (31.3) | 12 (42.9) | ||||
| 3 South | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 (22.7) | 3 (18.8) | 7 (25.0) | ||||
| 4 South | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 (13.6) | 3 (18.8) | 3 (10.7) | ||||
| Position in the daily surgical schedule, n (%) | n= 98 | 0.234 | n= 44 | n= 16 | 0.780 | |||||
| 1 | 36 (36.7) | 26 (48.1) | 9 (37.5) | 17 (56.7) | 10 (22.7) | 4 (25.0) | 6 (21.4) | |||
| 2 | 39 (39.8) | 18 (33.3) | 9 (37.5) | 9 (30.0) | 21 (47.7) | 9 (56.3) | 12 (42.9) | |||
| 3 | 13 (13.3) | 4 (7.4) | 3 (12.5) | 1 (3.3) | 9 (20.5) | 3 (18.8) | 6 (21.4) | |||
| 4 | 6 (6.1) | 4 (7.4) | 3 (12.5) | 1 (3.3) | 2 (4.5) | 0 | 2 (7.1) | |||
| 5 | 4 (4.1) | 2 (3.7) | 0 | 2 (6.7) | 2 (4.5) | 0 | 2 (7.1) | |||
| Number of people present in the operating theatre, n (%) | n = 99 | 0.532 | n= 45 | n= 17 | 0.477 | |||||
| 4 | 1 (1.0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (2.2) | 0 | 1 (3.4) | |||
| 5 | 4 (4.0) | 3 (5.6) | 3 (12.5) | 0 | 1 (2.2) | 1 (5.9) | 0 | |||
| 6 | 10 (10.1) | 6 (11.1) | 2 (8.3) | 4 (13.3) | 4 (8.9) | 3 (17.7) | 1 (3.6) | |||
| 7 | 22 (22.2) | 14 (25.9) | 8 (33.3) | 6 (20.0) | 8 (17.8) | 4 (23.5) | 4 (14.3) | |||
| 8 | 29 (29.3) | 13 (24.1) | 6 (25.0) | 7 (23.3) | 16 (35.6) | 4 (23.5) | 12 (42.9) | |||
| 9 | 13 (13.1) | 6 (11.1) | 2 (8.3) | 4 (13.3) | 7 (15.6) | 3 (17.7) | 4 (14.3) | |||
| 10 | 11 (11.1) | 7 (13.0) | 2 (8.3) | 5 (16.7) | 4 (8.9) | 2 (11.8) | 2 (7.1) | |||
| 11 | 5 (5.1) | 3 (5.5) | 1 (4.2) | 2 (6.7) | 2 (4.4) | 0 | 2 (7.1) | |||
| 12 | 1 (1.0) | 1 (1.8) | 0 | 1 (3.3) | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
| 13 | 1 (1.0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (2.2) | 0 | 1 (3.6) | |||
| 14 | 1 (1.0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (2.2) | 0 | 1 (3.6) | |||
| 15 | 1 (1.0) | 1 (1.8) | 0 | 1 (3.3) | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Presence of a postoperative haematoma, n (%) |
n= 86 26 (30.2) |
n= 47 13 (27.7) |
n= 20 8 (40.0) |
n= 27 5 (18.5) |
0.104 |
n= 39 13 (33.3) |
n= 15 4 (26.7) |
n= 24 9 (37.5) |
0.485 | |
| Postoperative anticoagulation, n (%) |
n= 93 88 (94.6) |
n= 50 47 (94.0) |
n= 20 20 (100) |
27 (90.0) | 0.265 |
n= 43 41 (95.4) |
n= 15 15 (100) |
26 (92.9) | 0.535 | |
| Non-compliance with postoperative recommendations, n (%) |
n= 75 3 (4.0) |
n= 42 1 (2.4) |
n= 12 1 (8.3) |
0 | 0.286 |
n= 33 2 (6.1) |
n= 5 1 (20.0) |
1 (3.6) | 0.284 | |
| Time between surgery and the SSI (days), median (Q1-Q3) | 29.5 (20 – 104) | 21.5 (14-48) | 19 (11-38) | 29 (14-68) | 0.136 | 32 (18-68) | 32.5 (17 – 77) | 32 (22-63.5) | 0.773 | |
| Monomicrobial S. aureus SSI, n (%) | Superficial | 4 (4.0) | 1 (1.9) | 0 | 1 (3.3) | 0.286 | 3 (6.5) | 2 (11.1) | 1 (3.6) | 1.000 |
| Deep | 26 (26.0) | 13 (24.1) | 10 (41.7) | 3 (10.0) | 13 (28.3) | 7 (38.9) | 6 (21.4) | |||
| CCFM SSI, n (%) | Superficial | 4 (4.0) | 1 (1.9) | 0 | 1 (3.3) | 0.381 | 3 (6.5) | 2 (11.1) | 1 (3.6) | 1.000 |
| Deep | 39 (39.0) | 20 (37.0) | 13 (54.2) | 7 (23.3) | 19 (41.3) | 10 (55.5) | 9 (32.1) | |||
| All SSI, n (%) | Superficial | 10 (10.0) | 3 (5.6) | 1 (4.2) | 2 (6.7) | 0.585 | 7 (15.2) | 3 (16.7) | 4 (14.3) | 1.000 |
| Deep | 90 (90.0) | 51 (94.4) | 23 (95.8) | 28 (93.3) | 39 (84.8) | 15 (83.3) | 24 (85.7) | |||
Legend: ASA American Society of Anesthesiologists, BMI Body mass index, CCI Charlson comorbidity index, CCFM Cutaneous commensal flora microorganisms, HBP High blood pressure, IV Intravenous, OS Osteosynthesis, SSI Surgical site infection, UEF Upper end of the femur