Table 6.

Associations between cumulative adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and HIV risk levels among young people ages 13–24 in Lesotho, 2018 N = 4109.

Characteristics	Malesa						Femalesa
	1 HIV risk type		2 HIV risk types		≥ 3 HIV risk types		1 HIV risk type		2 HIV risk types		≥ 3 HIV risk types
	AOR (95 % CI)	p value	AOR (95 % CI)	p value	AOR (95 % CI)	p value	AOR (95 % CI)	p value	AOR (95 % CI)	p value	AOR (95 % CI)	p value
Cumulative ACEs
0 ACEs	Ref.	0.427	Ref.	0.034	Ref.	0.905	Ref.	0.66	Ref.	0.282	Ref.	0.014
1–2 ACEs	1.21 (0.75, 1.96)	0.884	2.61 (1.08, 6.32)	0.009	0.95 (0.39, 2.30)	0.033	0.94 (0.70, 1.26)	0.215	1.20 (0.86, 1.67)	0.185	1.65 (1.11, 2.45)	0.0003
3 or more	1.05 (0.55, 2.00)		3.71 (1.39, 9.91)		2.83 (1.09, 7.37)		0.81 (0.58, 1.13)		1.27 (0.89, 1.81)		2.53 (1.54, 4.16)

Note. AOR = adjusted odds ratio. Ref = referent category. Referent category for the outcome is 0 HIV risk types. Bolded text indicates α < 0.05. All ACEs occurred prior to age 18, even if the participant had not yet reached age 18. HIV risk summary includes the following 6 HIV risk indicators: age disparate sexual relationship with someone ≥5 years older, no or infrequent condom use, transactional sex, early sexual debut (< 15 years), multiple sex partners, and lifetime STI. Final model statistics for males: Likelihood ratio F = 1137.08 (10.12, 2328.04), p < .0001. Final model statistics for females: Likelihood ratio F = 1623.64 (12.93, 2973.76), p < .0001.

^aAdjusted models controlled for age, food insecurity, and marital status.