Table 3.

Adjusted^a hazard ratios (aHR) and 95% confidence intervals for the association between alcohol use and COVID-19 disease stratified by cocaine use, opioid use, depression, and alcohol use disorder.

	Lower-risk vs. No Alcohol Use aHR	P-Valuec	Unhealthy vs. No Alcohol Use aHR	P-Valued
Cocaine use
Never	1.10 (0.77, 1.59)	(ref.)	1.07 (0.67, 1.69)	(ref.)
Former	0.43 (0.20, 0.91)	0.40	0.71 (0.38, 1.34)	0.71
Recent	0.86 (0.34, 2.21)	0.25	1.05 (0.46, 2.43)	0.17
Opioid use
Never	1.12 (0.78, 1.61)	(ref.)	1.21 (0.79, 1.86)	(ref.)
Former	0.88 (0.37, 2.09)	0.46	1.29 (0.61, 2.72)	0.85
Recent	1.18 (0.37, 3.78)	0.15	b	b
Depression
No to Mild	1.00 (0.71, 1.40)	(ref.)	1.12 (0.74, 1.68)	(ref.)
Moderate/Severe	1.13 (0.54, 2.34)	0.30	1.08 (0.47, 2.46)	0.48
Alcohol use disorder
No	1.02 (0.73, 1.43)	(ref.)	1.16 (0.76, 1.78)	(ref.)
Yes	0.97 (0.38, 2.43)	0.52	0.97 (0.52, 1.82)	0.59

^aAdjusted for baseline age, sex, race/ethnicity, study site, HIV transmission risk factors, insurance status, depression, panic disorder, cocaine and opioid use, diabetes, hypertension, BMI, cigarette smoking, HCV, COPD, CD4 count, viral suppression status, HDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, eGFR, and FIB-4 score

^bThe extreme low hazard ratio was due to no event occur in the stratum of recent opioid use with unhealthy alcohol use.

^cP-value for interaction term between lower-risk alcohol use and modifier; a low p-value indicates the association between low-risk alcohol (versus no alcohol use) and COVID-19 disease is dependent on the modifier

^dP-value for interaction term between unhealthy alcohol use and modifier; a low p-value indicates the association between unhealthy alcohol (versus no alcohol use) and COVID-19 disease is dependent on the modifier