Table 2.
Changes due to weight loss program in each group.
| Low group n = 32 | Middle group n = 67 | High group n = 27 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 6-months | P-value | Baseline | 6-months | P-value | Baseline | 6-months | P-value | |
| Body weight (kg) | 98.3 ± 21.9 | 97.6 ± 22.5 | 0.096 | 96.6 ± 23.6 | 90.2 ± 22.5** | < 0.001 | 102.6 ± 22.5 | 89.5 ± 19.5** | < 0.001 |
| Body fat mass (kg) | 44.0 ± 13.0 | 44.0 ± 14.0 | 0.996 | 44.7 ± 14.7 | 39.6 ± 14.3** | < 0.001 | 45.3 ± 11.9 | 35.3 ± 12.9** | < 0.001 |
| Percent body fat mass(%) | 44.4 ± 6.2 | 44.5 ± 6.7 | 0.730 | 45.9 ± 6.3 | 43.4 ± 7.0** | < 0.001 | 44.0 ± 6.2 | 38.8 ± 9.3** | < 0.001 |
| LBM (kg) | 53.4 ± 11.1 | 52.6 ± 10.9* | 0.015 | 51.5 ± 11.7 | 50.7 ± 12.7 | 0.063 | 57.1 ± 13.2 | 54.5 ± 11.5 | 0.054 |
| Percent LBM (%) | 54.9 ± 6.6 | 54.6 ± 6.7 | 0.326 | 53.8 ± 6.2 | 56.6 ± 7.1** | < 0.001 | 55.8 ± 6.5 | 61.9 ± 12.4** | 0.001 |
| Visceral fat area (cm2) | 187.5 ± 60.1 | 178.7 ± 60.1 | 0.172 | 176.1 ± 64.4 | 153.3 ± 55.3** | < 0.001 | 193.6 ± 98.0 | 145.8 ± 89.0** | < 0.001 |
| Subcutaneous fat area (cm2) | 461.4 ± 195.4 | 444.9 ± 193.3 | 0.329 | 427.9 ± 165.3 | 393.4 ± 154.6** | 0.001 | 455.1 ± 183.5 | 369.6 ± 155.1** | < 0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 135.9 ± 14.3 | 133.1 ± 16.1 | 0.215 | 140.7 ± 18.0 | 134.0 ± 17.3** | < 0.001 | 137.9 ± 18.2 | 123.1 ± 13.5 | < 0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 78.7 ± 8.3 | 77.0 ± 7.5 | 0.232 | 83.8 ± 12.1 | 77.8 ± 10.9** | < 0.001 | 82.3 ± 12.8 | 75.3 ± 9.1** | < 0.001 |
| Rest HR (bpm) | 71.8 ± 14.3 | 69.5 ± 12.2 | 0.107 | 72.8 ± 12.2 | 67.7 ± 10.1** | < 0.001 | 75.0 ± 10.8 | 62.7 ± 9.5** | < 0.001 |
| baPWV (cm/sec) | 1344.6 ± 220.7 | 1306.0 ± 226.2 | 0.097 | 1366.0 ± 212.4 | 1329.2 ± 230.2* | 0.018 | 1311.0 ± 189.4 | 1250.0 ± 174.5* | 0.001 |
| Energy intake (kcal/day) | 2000 (1713, 2346) | 1640 (1479, 1900)** | < 0.001 | 1925 (1650, 2450) | 1670 (1350, 2050)** | < 0.001 | 1795 (1500, 2344) | 1513 (1288, 1975)* | 0.014 |
| Physical function | |||||||||
| AT (ml/kg/min) | 11.0 ± 1.9 | 10.8 ± 1.7 | 0.524 | 11.3 ± 1.8 | 11.7 ± 2.1 | 0.063 | 12.2 ± 2.9 | 13.0 ± 4.1 | 0.086 |
| Peak VO2 (ml/kg/min) | 17.9 ± 4.1 | 18.0 ± 3.7 | 0.903 | 18.2 ± 3.7 | 19.7 ± 4.2** | < 0.001 | 20.2 ± 5.3 | 22.2 ± 6.8** | 0.002 |
| Peak HR (bpm) | 142.8 ± 22.1 | 146.3 ± 21.9 | 0.210 | 148.3 ± 18.0 | 147.5 ± 21.5 | 0.614 | 148.2 ± 17.4 | 147.8 ± 17.8 | 0.859 |
| Peak RER | 1.06 ± 0.08 | 1.10 ± 0.09* | 0.032 | 1.06 ± 0.09 | 1.09 ± 0.09* | 0.029 | 1.06 ± 0.09 | 1.05 ± 0.10 | 0.631 |
| Lower limb strength (Nm/kg) |
1.44 ± 0.26 | 1.46 ± 0.30 | 0.306 | 1.48 ± 0.36 | 1.55 ± 0.39** | < 0.001 | 1.46 ± 0.34 | 1.64 ± 0.40** | < 0.001 |
| Physical activity | |||||||||
| Daily physical activity (kcal/day) |
104.0 (20.0, 523.9) | 173.5 (67.7, 301.1) | 0.523 | 123.4 (31.0, 287.9) | 176.5 (72.2, 398.1)** | 0.001 | 100.5 (0.0, 276.1) | 246.3 (99.6, 650.9)** | 0.022 |
| Walking time (min/day) | 25.7 (5.7, 85.7) | 28.6 (14.0, 66.4) | 0.268 | 25.7 (5.7, 40.0) | 32.1 (14.0, 69.7)** | < 0.001 | 20.7 (0.0, 49.3) | 54.3 (18.7, 100.7)** | 0.005 |
| Sitting time (min/day) | 300 (180, 600) | 390 (180, 585) | 0.936 | 450 (300, 705) | 420 (240, 600) | 0.439 | 510 (300, 840) | 510 (210, 720) | 0.082 |
| Biochemical examination | |||||||||
| AST (mg/dL) | 23 (18, 37) | 20 (16, 30)** | 0.004 | 26 (19, 38) | 20 (16, 26)** | < 0.001 | 25 (19, 35) | 19 (17, 22)** | 0.001 |
| ALT (mg/dL) | 30 (20, 56) | 24 (17, 42)** | 0.012 | 31 (23, 54) | 23 (15, 30)** | < 0.001 | 22 (17, 60) | 15 (13, 23)** | < 0.001 |
| γ-GPT (mg/dL) | 34 (20, 53) | 30 (20, 52) | 0.265 | 34 (25, 52) | 26 (17, 36)** | < 0.001 | 34 (17, 54) | 20 (12, 32)** | < 0.001 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 43.3 ± 8.2 | 50.4 ± 10.1** | < 0.001 | 44.7 ± 11.6 | 53.2 ± 14.0** | < 0.001 | 45.1 ± 9.4 | 49.9 ± 13.0* | 0.012 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 107.9 ± 17.7 | 115.8 ± 17.0** | 0.006 | 115.9 ± 30.1 | 119.3 ± 28.8 | 0.130 | 122.3 ± 36.8 | 119.9 ± 34.6 | 0.529 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 107 (84, 143) | 102 (91, 125) | 0.214 | 112 (79, 164) | 94 (70, 135)** | < 0.001 | 97 (74, 129) | 78 (62, 123)* | 0.029 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 110.9 ± 32.2 | 110.3 ± 31.3 | 0.922 | 100.2 ± 17.0 | 97.4 ± 10.8 | 0.101 | 98.8 ± 20.3 | 88.3 ± 11.8 | 0.008 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.9 (5.6, 6.6) | 5.9 (5.5, 6.3) | 0.230 | 5.7 (5.5, 6.1) | 5.6 (5.4, 5.9)** | < 0.001 | 5.6 (5.6, 6.1) | 5.5 (5.3, 5.7)** | < 0.001 |
| Insulin (µU/mL) | 13.9 (8.6, 19.6) | 15.5 (8.4, 22.3)* | 0.013 | 16.1 (11.0, 19.7) | 12.5 (8.8, 19.7) | 0.092 | 12.7 (6.7, 16.6) | 8.7 (6.7, 13.7)** | 0.005 |
| HOMA-IR | 3.6 (2.4, 4.9) | 3.9 (1.8, 6.3) | 0.059 | 3.6 (2.5, 5.0) | 3.0 (2.1, 5.2)* | 0.038 | 2.8 (1.5, 4.8) | 1.9 (1.2, 2.8)** | 0.006 |
| CRP (mg/dL) | 0.23 (0.10, 0.64) | 0.15 (0.07, 0.40)* | 0.019 | 0.21 (0.08, 0.50) | 0.15 (0.05, 0.46)* | 0.019 | 0.37 (0.13, 0.57) | 0.26 (0.07, 0.40)* | 0.025 |
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range).
**P < 0.01, *P < 0.05 vs. significant change from baseline in each group.
LBM, lean body mass; HR, heart rate; baPWV, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; AT, anaerobic threshold; VO2, oxygen consumption; RER, respiratory exchange ratio; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; γ-GPT, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; CRP, C-reactive protein.