Table 1.

Advances in physicochemical methods to regulate the morphology of filamentous fungi.

Strains	Products	Regulatory parameters	Optimal morphology	Reference
A. oryzae	a-Amylase	pH	Filamentous	[39]
A. niger	Citric acid	Agitation	Little pellets	[40]
A. niger	Protease	Supplement carboxymethylcellulose	Filamentous	[41]
A. terreus	Lovastatin	Agitation and aeration	Smaller pellets	[42]
A. niger	Glucosamine	Spore inoculum level	Pellets	[35]
A. oryzae	Recombinant lipase	Feeding with maltose	Increase in hyphal diameter	[43]
A. sojae	Polygalacturonase	Concentrations of maltrin and corn steep liquor, agitation speed and inoculation ratio	The diameter of pellets between 0.05 and 0.76 cm	[44]
Rhizopus oryzae	Lactic acid	Addition potato dextrose broth and calcium carbonate	Small smooth pellets	[45]
Caldariomyces fumago	Chloroperoxidase	Microparticle-enhanced cultivation	Particles of 42 mm in diameter	[46]
Aspergillus sp.	Glucosamine	Pellet size, working volume, agitation rate and stimulating factor	pellet	[47]
A. niger	Glucoamylase and fructofuranosidase	Addition of microparticles	Freely dispersed mycelium	[48]
A. niger	Glucoamylase	Aeration and agitation intensities	Less compact surface structure of the pellets	[49]
A. niger	Fructofuranosidase	Osmolality	Dimensionless morphology	[50]
Trichoderma reesei	Cellulase	Agitation	Pellet	[51]
A. niger	Fructofuranosidase	Titanate microparticles	Loose inner pellets	[36]
A. niger	β-Fructofuranosidase	Addition of talc micro particles	Freely dispersed mycelium	[52]
Mortierella isabellina	Lipid	Additions of different concentrations of magnesium silicate microparticles	Free dispersed mycelia	[53]
R. oryzae	Fumaric acid	Soybean meal hydrolysate as the nitrogen source	Uniformly dispersed mycelial clumps	[54]
A. sojae	β-Mannanase	Addition of talcum and aluminum oxide	Pellet/mycelium mixture	[55]
A. niger	Enniatin B	Addition of talcum microparticles	Diameter 50–150 μm	[23]
Mucor rouxii	Chitosan	Replacing supplementary nutrients with fungal extract	Purely filamentous	[56]
A. terreus	Lovastatin	Addition of magnesium silicate	Small dense pellets	[57]
A. niger	Lipase	N:C ratio and FeCl3	Dispersed fungal morphology	[58]