. 2024 Jul 11;14:16055. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-66651-4

Table 1.

PBMC and Serum Biomarkers from early to late pregnancy.

	Units	Stimulation stimulant (incubation time)	Early pregnancy median (IQR)	Late pregnancy median (IQR)	p-value
PBMC
IL-6	Fold change	LPS (24h)	107.51 (8.91, 1133.23)	102.99 (9.66, 812.37)	0.508^a
IL-6	Fold change	R848 (24h)	310.36 (7.66, 1378.35)	159.42 (11.50, 616.88)	0.880^a
TNF-α	Fold change	LPS (24h)	700.61 (38.47, 5310.09)	196.72 (8.59, 2427.23)	0.016^b*
TNF-α	Fold change	R848 (24h)	1031.84 (80.61, 6481.81)	328.77 (20.80, 3092.72)	0.017^b*
IL-10	Fold change	Anti-CD3/28/2 (48h)	519.89 (54.42, 1948.57)	183.06 (30.01, 887.03)	0.014^a*
IL-2	Fold change	Anti-CD3/28/2 (48h)	13726.92 (3706.90, 32755.47)	6003.64 (1071.50, 43697.37)	0.946^a
IFN-y	Fold change	Anti-CD3/28/2 (48h)	43531.70 (9374.35, 560538.75)	15281.12 (864.06, 183596.25)	< 0.001^a*
Serum
C3	g/l	–	1.59 (1.46, 1.75)	1.83 (1.71, 2.02)	< 0.001^a*
CRP	mg/l	–	3.12 (1.90, 5.36)	3.41 (2.15, 5.31)	0.190^b
IL-17A	pg/ml	–	0.53 (0.23, 0.80)	0.81 (0.46, 1.16)	< 0.001^a*
IL-6	pg/ml	–	1.13 (0.82, 1.47)	1.56 (1.21, 1.92)	< 0.001^b*
TNF-α	pg/ml	–	7.86 (7.23, 8.59)	8.41 (7.43, 9.60)	< 0.001^a*
CD163	ng/ml	–	354.24 (307.64, 438.73)	486.60 (382.94, 589.26)	< 0.001^a*
ICAM1	ng/ml	–	313.64 (281.25, 339.07)	299.28 (251.15, 352.26)	0.073^c
GDF-15	ng/ml	–	9.17 (7.53, 10.86)	14.86 (12.38, 18.14)	< 0.001^a*
Leptin	ng/ml	–	21.83 (15.52, 32.43)	29.14 (16.71, 42.13)	0.005^b*

Paired t-test of fold change values and serum marker concentrations from early to late pregnancy. Fold change was calculated following stimulation of PBMCs with either lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Resiquimod (R848), or Anti-CD3/28/2 (T-cell activator) for 24 or 48 hours. n = 72.

^aWilcoxin Signed Rank Test on abnormally distributed data.

^bPaired t-test on normally distributed log transformed data.

^cPaired t-test on normally distributed data.

*Significant after Benjamini Hochberg adjustment for multiple comparisons.