. 2024 Jul 11;14:16055. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-66651-4

Table 5.

Serum biomarker concentrations and BMI.

Biomarker		n	BMI < 25 median (IQR)	n	BMI > = 25 median (IQR)	p-value
C3 g/l	Early	38	1.51 (1.38, 1.63)	34	1.71 (1.57, 1.77)	< 0.001^c*
	Late	38	1.75 (1.62, 1.87)	34	1.94 (1.82, 2.11)	0.020^d*
	Paired		< 0.001^a*		< 0.001^a*
CRP mg/l	Early	38	2.53 (1.73, 5.12)	34	3.34 (2.21, 5.40)	0.567^e
	Late	38	3.31 (2.11, 5.08)	34	3.49 (2.15, 6.57)	0.890^d
	Paired		0.231^b		0.510^b
IL-17A pg/ml	Early	36	0.51 (0.19, 0.84)	32	0.58 (0.31, 0.78)	0.602^c
	Late	37	0.81 (0.50, 1.21)	33	0.82 (0.44, 1.16)	0.208^d
	Paired		0.001^a*		0.142^a
IL-6 pg/ml	Early	37	0.97 (0.79, 1.24)	33	1.26 (1.01, 1.59)	0.040^c
	Late	37	1.39 (1.06, 1.71)	34	1.80 (1.31, 2.18)	0.171^d
	Paired		0.005^a*		0.001^a*
TNF-α pg/ml	Early	37	7.86 (7.02, 8.56)	34	7.89 (7.36, 8.61)	0.679^c
	Late	38	8.08 (7.25, 9.53)	34	8.53 (7.58, 10.23)	0.329^d
	Paired		0.068^a		0.001^a*
CD163 ng/ml	Early	37	322.78 (294.37, 397.75)	34	374.79 (323.25, 458.33)	0.034^e
	Late	38	452.51 (363.76, 526.81)	33	516.66 (426.68, 637.08)	0.169^d
	Paired		< 0.001^a*		< 0.001^a*
ICAM1 ng/ml	Early	37	311.20 (268.49, 353.04)	34	319.70 (295.33, 338.75)	0.448f.
	Late	38	283.64 (243.22, 314.63)	34	316.08 (261.71, 362.34)	0.221^d
	Paired		0.133^a		0.912^a
GDF15 ng/ml	Early	37	10.60 (8.12, 11.36)	34	8.57 (7.32, 9.78)	0.016^c*
	Late	38	15.64 (11.85, 18.62)	34	14.81 (12.55, 17.84)	0.612^d
	Paired		< 0.001^a*		< 0.001^a*
Leptin ng/ml	Early	37	18.05 (11.82, 24.21)	34	30.31 (21.33, 44.48)	< 0.001^c*
	Late	38	20.15 (11.21, 36.34)	34	35.25 (27.86, 49.61)	0.615^d
	Paired		0.005^a*		0.185^a

Comparison of biomarker concentrations in early and late pregnancy between mothers with a baseline BMI of less than 25, and mothers with a baseline BMI of greater than or equal to 25. n = 72.

^aWilcoxon Rank Sum test on abnormally distributed data.

^bPaired t-test on normally distributed log transformed data.

^cMann-Whitney U test on abnormally distributed data.

^dp value generated via Analysis of covariance comparing serum marker concentrations in late pregnancy between BMI groups controlled for baseline (early) levels.

^eIndependent T-test on normally distributed log-transformed data.

^fIndependent T-test on normally distributed data.

*Significant after Benjamini Hochberg adjustment for multiple comparisons.