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. 2024 Jun 28;15:1303728. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1303728

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Copyright © 2024 Flintoff, Alexander, Kesby and Burne

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Percent completion and average number of trials to criterion in response to ketamine. The percentage of rats completing each stage is shown for females (A) and males (B), Measures of the average number of trials to criterion are shown at each stage of the DSST consisting of the VCT, FLT, FLT-reversal, VCDT, VCDT-reversal and ACDT for females (C) and males (D) in response to 0, 3 or 10 mg/kg. The dotted line represents the average number of trials predicted to reach a CCR of 6 within 240 trials. There were no Sex x Dose interactions. Data for the VCT, FLT, FLT-reversal and VCDT rules were analysed using within-subjects ANOVA. Data for VCDT-reversal and ACDT rules were analysed with Cox regression to account for missing values; 10 mg/kg ketamine significantly improved performance compared to vehicle on the VCDT-reversal rule (HR=0.407, 95%CI=0.229–0.722, p=.002) *p<0.05.