Table 2. Difference of secondary outcomes between the two patient groups.

Values are presented as mean ± SD or number (%). p-value corresponds to the independent t-test and chi-square test.

ICU: intensive care unit, SD: standard deviation

	One-hour bundle (n = 195)	Usual care (n = 206)	p-value
Initial fluid resuscitation (hours)	1 ± 0	2.33 ± 0.58	<0.001*
Vasopressor (hours)	1 ± 0	3.52 ± 0.84	<0.001*
Culture (hours)	1 ± 0	4.17 ± 0.5	<0.001*
Initiated empirical antibiotics (hours)	1 ± 0	5.16 ± 0.54	<0.001*
Source control (hours)	4 ± 1.41	10.32 ± 0.66	<0.001*
Hospital length of stay (days)	7.91 ± 1.68	16.8 ± 3.77	<0.001*
Cost of treatment (Thai Baht)	48,005.35 ± 9,598.83	62,919.37 ± 1,186.29	<0.001*
ICU length of stay (days)	3.88 ± 1.37	11.07 ± 4.38	<0.001*
Ventilator-free days (days)	5.59 ± 1.9	1.67 ± 0.82	<0.001*
Mortality days (days)	14.27 ± 6.89	6.43 ± 6.63	<0.001*
Vasopressor-free days (days)	7.25 ± 1.81	3 ± 0	<0.001*