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. 2024 Jun 21;16(13):2290. doi: 10.3390/cancers16132290

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Glucose utilization in non-cancerous cells (skeletal and heart muscle, liver, erythrocyte). This view is simplified to allow readers to focus on the metabolization of glucose and the production, as well as the consumption, of lactate in the tissues. Abbreviations: HK, hexokinase; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; PK, pyruvate kinase; PDH, pyruvate dehydrogenase; PC, pyruvate carboxylase; ALT, alanine transaminase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; TCA, Tricarboxylic acid cycle (or Krebs cycle); ETC, electron transport chain (i.e., respiratory chain). Glucose-6-P, glucose-6-phosphate; F1,6BP, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate; Glyceral-3-P, glyceral(dehyde)-3-phosphate; 1,3-BPG, 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate; PEP, phosphoenolpyruvate; Ala, alanine; Ac-CoA, acetyl-coenzyme A; NAD+, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; NADH, reduced form of NAD+.