Table 2. Examples of Tissue Engineered Products in the Market or Clinical Trial.

	Product	Tissue Type	Composition	Indication	Approval Status	Suggested Viscoelasticity Measurement Techniques
Approved products	Apligraf	Skin	Allogeneic fibroblasts in collagen matrix + allogeneic keratinocytes [viable]	Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU), venous leg ulcers (VLU)	FDA approval	AFM, Nanoindentation, OCE, Brillouin, Ultrasound Elastography, Passive Microrheology
	Dermagraft	Skin	Allogenic fibroblasts seeded on polyglactin mesh scaffold [cryopreserved]	Diabetic foot ulcers	FDA approval	AFM, Nanoindentation, OCE, Brillouin, Ultrasound Elastography, Passive Microrheology
	Epicel	Skin	Autologous keratinocytes and murine cells (no material) [viable]	Large burns in adults and children	FDA approval 2016	AFM, Nanoindentation, OCE, Brillouin, Ultrasound Elastography, Passive Microrheology
	Gintuit	Skin	Allogeneic cultured keratinocytes and fibroblasts in bovine collagen	Dental applications	FDA approval	AFM, Nanoindentation, OCE, Brillouin, Ultrasound Elastography, Passive Microrheology
	Heart Sheet (Terumo)	Cardiac Tissue	Autologous skeletal myoblast cell sheet	Heart Failure	No US approval (sold in Japan)	AFM, Nanoindentation, OCE, Brillouin, Ultrasound Elastography, Passive Microrheology
	MACI	Cartilage	Autologous chondrocytes on collagen I/III membrane	Cartilage Repair	FDA approval	AFM, Nanoindentation, OCE, Brillouin, Ultrasound Elastography, Passive Microrheology
	Holocar [Europe]	Eyes	Autologous eye cells taken from patient biopsy cultured on fibrin matrix	Corneal Repair	EU approval	AFM, Nanoindentation, OCE, Brillouin, Ultrasound Elastography, Passive Microrheology
Commercial-backed Clinical Stage	Humacyte	Blood Vessel	Allogeneic aorta cells seeded on PGA mesh cultured under cyclic strain then decellularized	Vascular access/vascular grafts		AFM, Nanoindentation, OCE, Brillouin, Ultrasound Elastography, Passive Microrheology
	RVT-802	Lymph Nodes	Allogeneic decellularized thymus tissue (taken from other infants undergoing heart surgery)	Pediatric immunodeficiency		AFM, Nanoindentation, OCE, Brillouin, Ultrasound Elastography, Passive Microrheology
	Miromatrix	Liver, Kidney	Heavily involved in decellularization/recellularization protocols for liver, kidney tissues	Organ transplant	–	AFM, Nanoindentation, OCE, Brillouin, Ultrasound Elastography, Passive Microrheology
	Videregen	Lung	decellularization/recellularization processes for lung	Lung fistula	–	AFM, Nanoindentation, OCE,
	DeNovo Nt	Cartilage	Culture tissues for cartilage repair	Cartilage Repair		AFM, Nanoindentation, OCE, Brillouin, Ultrasound Elastography, Passive Microrheology
	Bioseed C	Cartilage	fibrin matrix seeded with chondrocytes (similar to MACI)	Cartilage Repair		AFM, Nanoindentation, OCE, Brillouin, Ultrasound Elastography, Passive Microrheology
	CaReS (Arthro-kinetics)	Cartilage	Chondrocytes cultured in collagen gel (34 mm diameter, 6–8 mm thick) and cultured for 12 days	Cartilage Repair		AFM, Nanoindentation, OCE, Ultrasound Elastography,
	Novocart 3D	Cartilage	Biphasic chondroitin sulfate-collagen scaffold seeded in vitro	Cartilage Repair	Phase 3 clinical trial in the US	AFM, Nanoindentation, OCE, Ultrasound Elastography,