Table 1.
Potential risk factors for 90-day mortality in the development and external validation cohorts.
| Development Cohort (n = 3182) | Validation Cohort (n = 2546) |
p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex, n (%) | 0.252 | ||
| Male | 1978 (62.1) | 1544 (60.6) | |
| Female | 1204 (37.9) | 1002 (39.4) | |
| Age, years, mean (SD) | |||
| Body mass index $, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 26 (4.6) | 25 (4.5) | <0.001 |
| Missing | 90 (2.8) | 94 (3.7) | |
| ECOG performance status, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
| 0 | 1185 (37.2) | 1203 (47.2) | |
| 1 | 1661 (52.2) | 626 (24.6) | |
| 2 | 269 (8.5) | 118 (4.6) | |
| >3 | 51 (1.6) | 45 (1.8) | |
| Missing | 16 (0.5) | 554 (21.8) | |
| ASA index, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
| I | 110 (3.5) | 300 (11.8) | |
| II | 1435 (45.0) | 1288 (50.5) | |
| III | 1510 (47.5) | 878 (34.5) | |
| IV | 127 (4.0) | 55 (2.2) | |
| Missing, n (%) | 0 (0) | 25 (1.0) | |
| Weight loss $, %, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
| 0–5% | 2164 (68.0) | 1368 (53.7) | |
| 6–10 | 603 (19.0) | 646 (25.4) | |
| >10% | 390 (12.3) | 370 (14.5) | |
| Missing | 25 (0.7) | 162 (6.4) | |
| Preoperative hemoglobin level, g/dL, mean (SD) | 12.0 (1.9) | 12.0 (2.1) | <0.038 |
| Missing, n (%) | 24 (0.8) | 470 (18.5) | |
| Preoperative albumin level, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 38 (6.2) | 38 (6.4) | 0.431 |
| Missing, n (%) | 441 (13.9) | 668 (26.2) | |
| Myocardial infarction, n (%) | 0.653 | ||
| Yes | 253 (8.0) | 193 (7.6) | |
| No | 2929 (82.0) | 2348 (92.2) | |
| Missing | 0 (0) | 5 (0.2) | |
| Congestive heart failure, n (%) | 0.026 | ||
| Yes | 183 (5.8) | 112 (4.4) | |
| No | 2999 (94.2) | 2429 (94.4) | |
| Missing | 0 (0) | 5 (0.2) | |
| Chronic pulmonary disease, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Yes | 450 (14.1) | 246 (9.7) | |
| No | 2732 (85.9) | 2295 (90.1) | |
| Missing | 0 (0) | 5 (0.2) | |
| Connective tissue disease, n (%) | 0.647 | ||
| Yes | 47 (1.5) | 33 (1.3) | |
| No | 3135 (98.5) | 2508 (98.5) | |
| Missing | 0 (0) | 5 (0.2) | |
| Peripheral vascular disease, n (%) | 0.098 | ||
| Yes | 226 (7.1) | 211 (8.3) | |
| No | 2956 (92.9) | 2330 (91.5) | |
| Missing | 0 (0) | 5 (0.2) | |
| Cerebrovascular disease, n (%) | 0.021 | ||
| Yes | 200 (6.3) | 123 (4.8) | |
| No | 2982 (93.7) | 2420 (95.1) | |
| Missing | 0 (0) | 3 (0.1) | |
| Dementia, n (%) | 0.944 | ||
| Yes | 33 (1.0) | 25 (1.0) | |
| No | 3149 (99.0) | 2518 (98.1) | |
| Missing | 0 (0) | 3 (0.1) | |
| Peptic ulcer disease, n (%) | 0.214 | ||
| Yes | 158 (4.9) | 146 (5.7) | |
| No | 3024 (95.1) | 2397 (94.2) | |
| Missing | 0 (0) | 3 (0.1) | |
| Diabetes mellitus (uncomplicated), n (%) | 1.000 | ||
| Yes | 519 (16.3) | 414 (16.3) | |
| No | 2663 (83.7) | 2127 (83.5) | |
| Missing | 0 (0) | 5 (0.2) | |
| Diabetes mellitus (end-organ damage), n (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Yes | 137 (4.3) | 39 (1.5) | |
| No | 3045 (95.7) | 2499 (86.4) | |
| Missing | 0 (0) | 0 (0.3) | |
| Leukemia, n (%) | 0.002 | ||
| Yes | 16 (5.0) | 0 (0) | |
| No | 3166 (99.5) | 2193 (86.1) | |
| Missing | 0 (0) | 353 (13.9) | |
| Malignant lymphoma, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Yes | 34 (1.1) | 0 (0) | |
| No | 3148 (98.9) | 2193 (86.1) | |
| Missing | 0 (0) | 353 (13.9) | |
| Liver disease/moderate to severe, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Yes | 82 (2.6) | 0 (0) | |
| No | 3100 (97.4) | 2526 (99.2) | |
| Missing | 0 (0) | 20 (0.8) | |
| Hemiplegia, n (%) | 1.000 | ||
| Yes | 8 (0.3) | 6 (0.2) | |
| No | 3174 (99.7) | 2537 (99.6) | |
| Missing | 0 (0) | 3 (0.2) | |
| Metastatic tumor present, n (%) | 1.000 | ||
| Yes | 36 (1.1) | 28 (1.1) | |
| No | 3146 (98.9) | 2513 (98.7) | |
| Missing | 0 (0) | 5 (0.2) | |
| Moderate to severe renal disease, n (%) | 0.654 | ||
| Yes | 162 (5.1) | 137 (5.4) | |
| No | 3020 (94.9) | 2404 (94.4) | |
| Missing | 0 (0) | 5 (0.2) | |
| AIDS, n (%) | 0.453 | ||
| Yes | 6 (0.2) | 2 (0.1) | |
| No | 3176 (99.8) | 2539 (99.7) | |
| Missing | 0 (0) | 5 (0.2) | |
| Timing of surgery, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Elective | 3002 (94.3) | 2476 (97.2) | |
| Emergency | 180 (5.7) | 68 (2.7) | |
| Missing | 0 (0) | 2 (0.1) | |
| Tumor location, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Antrum-pylorus | 1276 (48.1) | 1212 (47.6) | |
| Corpus-fundus | 76 (40.1) | 848 (33.3) | |
| Linitis plastica | 33 (1.0) | 86 (3.4) | |
| Stump | 81 (2.6) | 0 (0) | |
| Gastro-esophageal junction | 259 (8.1) | 348 (13.7) | |
| Missing | 3 (0.1) | 52 (2.0) | |
| Tumor cT stage &, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
| T1 | 528 (16.6) | 235 (9.2) | |
| T2 | 792 (24.9) | 447 (17.6) | |
| T3 | 1082 (34.0) | 1095 (43.0) | |
| T4 | 569 (17.9) | 544 (21.4) | |
| Tx | 173 (5.4) | 206 (8.1) | |
| Missing | 38 (1.2) | 19 (0.7) | |
| Tumor cN stage &, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Negative | 1771 (55.7) | 858 (33.7) | |
| Positive | 1377 (43.3) | 1299 (51.0) | |
| Missing | 34 (1.0) | 389 (15.3) | |
| Neoadjuvant therapy, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
| None | 2232 (70.1) | 1383 (54.3) | |
| Chemoradiotherapy | 54 (1.8) | 46 (1.8) | |
| Chemotherapy | 888 (27.9) | 1117 (43.9) | |
| Missing | 8 (0.2) | 0 (0) | |
| Surgical approach, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Open | 1706 (53.6) | 1884 (74.0) | |
| Laparoscopic | 1476 (46.4) | 662 (26.0) | |
| Type of gastrectomy, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Partial | 1818 (57.1) | 1211 (47.6) | |
| Total | 1364 (42.9) | 1331 (52.3) | |
| Missing | 0 (0) | 4 (0.1) | |
| Volume activity, mean/year/hospital, mean (SD) | 24 (10) | 60 (49) | <0.001 |
| 90-day mortality, n (%) | 179 (5.6) | 95 (3.7) | <0.001 |
$ At the time of diagnosis; & According to the seventh edition of the AJCC; AIDS indicates acquired immune deficiency syndrome; ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; ECOG, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; SD, standard deviation.