TMEM176B overexpression in in vitro and in vivo experiments. Examining TMEM176B expression in different cell lines using (A) PCR and (B) qPCR. Verification of TMEM176B overexpression using (C) qPCT and (D) Western blot. In vitro cell function assays for (E) cell proliferation, (F) cell invasion, (G) cell migration and (H) cell adhesion; overexpression of TMEM176B promoted all cell functions significantly. Establishing in vivo CDX mouse models (n = 10 per group) using (I) PC9 cells (control vs. overexpression: n = 10/10 vs. n = 10/10) and (J) A549 cells (control vs. overexpression: n = 8/10 vs. n = 9/10); overexpression of TMEM176B increased tumour growth in both cell lines significantly. (K) Tube formation assay of HUVEC cells was enhanced when the cells were treated with conditioned medium collected from PC9 or A549 cell lines. *, p < 0.05, **, p < 0.01 and ****, p < 0.0001.