Table 1.
Application of in vitro models to selected food ingredients.
| Compound | Product | In Vitro Model | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dairy products | |||
| Lipids and proteins | Bovine milk fat globule membrane ingredient (MFGMi) and whey–casein infant formula with added MFGMi | Solubility (INFOGEST 2.0) |
[75] |
| Meat products | |||
| Proteins | Chinese dry-cured hams | Solubility | [76] |
| Plant products | |||
| Proteins, amino acids | Peanuts, All-Bran® wheat bran cereal, pigeon peas, black beans, zein, whey protein isolate (WPI), and collagen | Solubility (INFOGEST 2.0) |
[77] |
| Polysaccharides | 3% solutions of starch, dextran, pectin, and modified citrus pectin | Solubility (INFOGEST 2.0) |
[78] |
| Zinc | Faba bean (Vicia Faba L.) flour and legume fractions, finger millet (Eleucine coracana) flour | Dializalibity | [79,80] |
| Soluble dietary fiber | Whole grain noodles | Solubility | [81] |
| Magnesium | Mexican tortilla | Solubility | [82] |
| Cooper, iron, magnesium, manganese, and zinc | Purées, instant cereals, and infant formulas | Solubility (INFOGEST 2.0) |
[83] |
| Cooper, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, lead, chromium, nickel, and zinc | Edible and medicinal plants | Solubility | [84] |
| Selenium and iodine | Radish Raphanus sativus | Solubility | [85] |
| Iron | Corn-masa tortillas, semisynthetic (SS) meals |
Solubility, dialyzability, uptake by Caco-2 cells and/or transport assays |
[86,87] |
| Folates | Orange juice, bread | TIM (dynamic model) | [88,89] |
| Carotenoids | Spinach and condensed milk (4% fat), carrots, salad meal | Solubility, uptake by Caco-2 cells | [90,91,92] |
| Carotenoids | Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.) in egg pasta | Solubility (INFOGEST 2.0) |
[93] |
| Chlorophylls | Guacamole, virgin olive oil, tortellini, basil hummus, creamed spinach, vegetable pasta, green tea chocolate, avocado and kiwi juices, and pesto sauce | Solubility (INFOGEST 2.0) |
[94] |
| Polyphenols | Cocoa, boiled and roasted peanuts; frozen sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.) | Solubility, uptake by Caco-2 cells | [95,96,97] |
| Lutein and zeaxanthin | Microalgae Scenedesmus almeriensis | Solubility | [98] |
| Lycopene and α-Tocopherol | Whole food | TIM (dynamic model) with Caco-2 cell | [51] |
| Oil products | |||
| Carotenoids and chlorophylls | Oil matrix | Solubility | [99] |
| Other | |||
| Calcium | Diets rich in Maillard reaction products |
Solubility, dialyzability, Caco-2 cell uptake, and transport |
[100] |