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. 2024 Jul 12;22:412. doi: 10.1186/s12951-024-02683-2

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 6 — Imaging and histological changes in the caudal vertebrae of rats. (a) X-ray images and (b) DHI of the control group, vehicle group, L-GSH-CD group, and H-GSH-CD group. (c) MR images and (d) Pfirrmann grades of the different groups. (e) HE and SOFG staining of different groups (Scale bar = 1000 μm). Images of immunofluorescence fluorescence staining of DHE (f), Acan (g), MMP13 (h), and TNF-α (i) (scale bar = 500 μm) and semiquantitative analysis of the fluorescence intensity of DHE (j), Acan (k), MMP13 (l), and TNF-α (m) in the control group, vehicle group, and GSH-CD group. (* indicates a p value < 0.05, ** indicates a p value < 0.01, *** indicates a p value < 0.001, **** indicates a p value < 0.0001)