Fig. 5.

Attachment study of enteric pathogens to Caco-2 cells under light microscopy with Giemsa stain, ×100. A positive control. B Treatment with N/Se@TCsNPs; (1) V. cholerae O1 El Tor, (2) C.jejuni, (3) S.enterica subsp. enterica, (4) S.dysenteriae, (5) E.coli O157:H7, (6) L.monocytogenes, and (7) S.aureus.C Attached bacteria rates represented wrt control. D Internalization rate of bacteria; gene expression evolution in response to N/Se@TCsNPs by quantitative real-time PCR technique. ETLR2 and FTLR4, positive control (Caco-2 + bacteria) and negative control (Caco-2 cells + PBS); immunomodulatory effects of N/Se@TCsNPs. G IL-6, and TNF-α after 6 h H IL-10, and TGF-β after 24 h treatment. I Colony count of bacteria to evaluate the minimum inhibitory concentration of nano-construction. J Biofilm inhibition evaluation by UV assay (OD₅₉₅nm). K alterations noted in the optical density of planktonic cells in response to nano-treatments. The data points shown represent the average outcomes from three separate experiments (m ± SD) (p < 0.05). N@TCsNPs: Nisin encapsulated in thiolated chitosan nanoparticles, Se@TCsNPs: Selenium encapsulated in thiolated chitosan nanoparticles, and N/Se@TCsNPs: Nisin and selenium encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles, Caco-2: Human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells