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. 2024 Jul 12;24:257. doi: 10.1186/s12866-024-03400-7

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 6 — Overview on N/Se@TCsNPs evaluation and in vitro cellular effects. A) Results indicated antibacterial/ antibiofilm/anti-attachment effects of designed N/Se@TCsNPs on common enteric pathogens including; V.cholerae O1 El Tor ATCC 14,035, C. jejuni ATCC 29,428, S.enterica subsp. enterica ATCC 19,430, S.dysenteriae PTCC 1188, E.coli O157:H7 ATCC 25,922, L.monocytogenes ATCC 19,115, and S.aureus ATCC 29,733. B N/Se@TCsNPs show immunomodulation effects on TLR2/4. N/Se@TCsNPs: Nisin and selenium encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles, TLR: Toll-like receptor