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Different phases of traumatic brain injury can be monitored by a range of serum biomarkers: in the figure are some of the most studied ones. Modified from ref. [51]. S100B: calcium-binding protein B; NSE: neuron-specific enolase; UCHL1: ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase isozyme L1; GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein.
