Figure 2.

Involvement of Doxo–Fe complexes in oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. Doxo has a high affinity for iron, leading to the formation of Doxo–Fe complexes. Doxo–Fe³⁺ complexes can be reduced by several reducing systems, such as Gpx4, to form the Doxo–Fe²⁺ complex. The latter is involved in both increasing oxidative stress through interactions with O₂ and inducing lipid peroxidation through interactions with the negative charge of the membrane.