Table 2.

Effect of colostrum on immunity in various age groups.

Subject	Dosages	Cyclicality	In the End	Ref.
≤34 weeks preterm	Slow transition from 10 mL/kg/day to full intake of 200 mL/kg/day	14 days	CD4+CD25+ FOXP3+ T lymphocytes % (FOXP3 Tregs) had higher levels at follow-up; sepsis severity and mortality tended to be lower in the BC group.	[96]
Premature pig	3~15 mL/kg/3 h	14 days	Body growth, intestinal hexose uptake and transit time were improved, and diarrhea and intestinal permeability were significantly reduced in the BC group of piglets, which also had lower densities of colonic mucosa-associated bacteria and some putative pathogens, as well as higher levels of intestinal villi, mucosal mass, brush border enzyme activity, and colonic short-chain fatty acids, compared to those consuming the formula.	[97]
Normal baby	20 mL/d	2 weeks	Infants who received daily BC containing human rotavirus antibodies did not develop rotavirus-induced diarrhea, whereas all infants who received BC intervention after the onset of symptoms developed diarrhea. Oral BC with human rotavirus antibodies may be an effective and safe method of preventing diarrhea caused by rotavirus infection.	[99]
Rotavirus-infected mice	50 μL/d	1~24 h	In a mouse model of human rotavirus infection, BC feeding containing antibodies to human rotavirus was effective in preventing gastroenteritis in mice.	[99]
URTI Children	For children under 2 years old 3 g per day, children over 2 years old 6 g per day	1~6 months	BC is effective in preventing recurrent URTIs and diarrhea and reducing the number of episodes and length of hospital stay due to infection.	[108]
Children aged 3 to 7 years	Dose 1.0 g/d for the first 15 days and 0.5 g/d for the next 30 days	6 weeks	BC supplementation in preschool children was well tolerated, safe, and prevented the frequency of URTIs and their severity, with effectiveness lasting up to 21 weeks.	[109]
adolescents	20 g/d	6 weeks	6 weeks of colostrum supplementation increases sIgA concentrations during adolescent training.	[112]
Children aged 2 to 6 years	/	48 h	BC is effective in the treatment of acute diarrhea and can be used as an adjunctive therapy as it reduces the frequency and duration of diarrhea.	[113]
Footballer	3.2 g/d	6 months	BC was able to reduce the expression of inflammatory factor TNF-α during athletes’ training, increase the number of immunoglobulins in the body China, and improve the resistance to infection and immunity.	[120]
Adults after femur fracture surgery	45 g	21 days	BC increases appetite and provides hemoglobin, serum albumin levels and blood lymphocyte counts, suggesting that BC accelerates weight gain and physical function after surgery	[124]
University student	Dose of 1.0 g/d for the first 15 days, 0.5 g/d for the next 30 days, then supplemented at 1.0 g/d for 7 d starting on day 87	45 + 7d	Supplementation with BC significantly reduced the incidence of URTI, reduced the severity of URTI symptoms, and did not show any side effects or intestinal discomfort.	[123]
Older people aged 50–69	15 g (contains 150 mg of IgG)	12 weeks	BC helps to improve weight management, blood pressure, blood cholesterol, verbal memory, lower limb function and potentially immune function in older adults.	[141]
Older people aged 50–69	15 g (contains 150 mg of IgG)	12 weeks	Skimmed milk from BC may help to reduce the expression levels of various pro-inflammatory mediators, such as CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α, and induce changes in glycerophospholipid metabolism, cysteine, and methionine metabolic pathways, which may improve immune function in the elderly.	[141]