Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants providing data for this study.
| Characteristics | Total (N = 583) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal | |||
| Age [years; mean (SD)] | 30.3 (3.3) | ||
| Pre-pregnancy BMI [kg/m2; median (IQR)] | 23.7 (21.3–26.9) | ||
| Ethnicity, n (%) | |||
| White Caucasian | 345 (59.2) | ||
| Chinese | 146 (25.0) | ||
| South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi) | 30 (5.2) | ||
| Malay | 23 (3.9) | ||
| Other (Mixed, Black, Polynesian) | 39 (6.7) | ||
| Site, n (%) | |||
| UK | 189 (32.4) | ||
| SG | 166 (28.5) | ||
| NZ | 228 (39.1) | ||
| Household income for country, n (%) | |||
| 1st quintile (lowest) | 7 (1.2) | ||
| 2nd quintile | 43 (7.4) | ||
| 3rd quintile | 124 (21.3) | ||
| 4th quintile | 202 (34.7) | ||
| 5th quintile (highest) | 184 (31.6) | ||
| Unavailable | 23 (3.8) | ||
| Preconception smoking, n (%) | |||
| Previous smoker | 93 (16.1) | ||
| Active smoker | 23 (4.0) | ||
| Nulliparous, n (%) | 369 (63.3) | ||
| Previous cesarean (denominator—all parous women), n (%) | 61 (28.5) | ||
| Mode of delivery, n (%) | |||
| Vaginal delivery | 414 (71.0) | ||
| Cesarean section in labor | 94 (16.1) | ||
| Cesarean section without labor | 75 (12.9) | ||
| Neonatal | |||
| Gestational age at birth [weeks; median (IQR)] | 39.4 (38.5–40.3) | ||
| Birthweight [kg; median (IQR)] | 3.3 (3.0–3.7) | ||
| Size at birth 1, n (%) | |||
| LGA > 90th centile | 43 (7.4) | ||
| AGA | 495 (84.9) | ||
| SGA < 10th centile | 45 (7.7) | ||
| Nutrient |
Median concentration at pre-pregnancy baseline (IQR) |
Low status at pre-pregnancy baseline, n (%) |
Low status
definition |
| Vitamin B2 (nmol/L) | 13.0 (8.0–20.9) | 45 (7.7%) | <5 |
| Vitamin B6 (nmol/L) | 60.4 (43.7–97) | 10 (1.7%) | <20 |
| Vitamin B12 (pmol/L) | 352.2 (276.1–435.5) | 62 (10.6%) | <221 |
| Vitamin D (nmol/L) | 53.8 (40.2–68.9) | 244 (41.9%) | <50 |
| Myo-inositol (µmol/L) | 21.9 (19.2–25.5) | NA | NA |
1 The Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (RCPCH) growth charts [23]. Abbreviations: AGA, appropriate-for-gestational-age; BMI, body mass index; IQR, interquartile range; LGA, large-for-gestational-age; n, number; NA, not applicable; NZ, New Zealand; SD, standard deviation; SG; Singapore, SGA, small-for-gestational-age; UK, the United Kingdom.