Table 3.
Mechanism of action of quercetin.
| Reference | MOA | Compound |
|---|---|---|
| Anti-aging effects and UV protection | ||
| [35] | Inhibition of MMP-1 and COX-2 expression | quercetin |
| [35,38] | Inhibition of AP-1 and NF-κB activity | quercetin |
| [38] | Inhibition of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α inflammatory cytokines | quercetin |
| [39] | Inhibition of PDK-1 and AKT phosphorylation | quercetin, caffeic acid ester and apigenin |
| [43] | Reduction of UVA radiation effects | quercetin + rutin + titanium dioxide |
| [44] | Prevention of ROS creation, GSH depletion, CASP3 activation. Increased HO-1, NQO1, CAT expression |
quercetin |
| [38,46] | Reduction in GSH depletion, reduction in metalloproteinase activity | quercetin |
| [47] | Blocked ROS production, slowed leakage of cytochrome c, inhibition of keratinocyte apoptosis | quercetin |
| [41] | Activation of proteasome, improvement in HFL-1 fibroblasts viability | quercetin, quercetin caprylate |
| Anti-melanogenesis and skin-whitening | ||
| [49,50,51] | Inhibition of tyrosinase | quercetin |
| [36] | Reduction in melanin content | quercetin + vitamin C + arbutin |
| [52,53,54] | Upregulation of tyrosinase activity | quercetin |
| Wound healing, reduction in skin irritation and scarring prevention | ||
| [59] | Inhibition of free radicals’ activity | quercetin |
| [60] | TGB-β1 and VEGF activation, Promotion of fibroblast proliferation, TNF-α attenuation, inducing IL-10 levels |
quercetin |
| [61] | Increasing IL-10, VEGF, TGF-1 expressions, and decreasing expressions of TNF-α | quercetin in DMSO |
| [62] | Reduction in integrin αV level; increasing integrin β1 expressions |
quercetin |
| [66] | Reduction in cell proliferation and collagen synthesis; inducing apoptosis | quercetin + vitamin D |
| [64] | Inhibition of collagen synthesis in fibroblasts | quercetin + X-ray |
| [67] | Inhibition of HIF-1 expression Reduction in AKT phosphorylation |
quercetin |
| [65] | Improvement in hypertrophic and keloid scars | quercetin |
| [68] | Inhibition of MAPK signaling pathway; Reduction in inflammatory cytokines concentration |
quercetin |
| [70,73] | Reduction in IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 expressions Increasing SOD1, SOD2, GPx, catalase expressions, IL-10 Increasing mRNA, E-cadherin, occludin expressions Decreasing MMP1, MMP2 and MMP9 expressions Inhibition of ERK1/2 MAPK phosphorylation Decreasing NF-κB expression |
quercetin |
| [71] | Reduction in CCL17, CCL22, IL-4, IL-6, IFN-γ and TNF-α expressions | quercetin |
| [33] | Reduction in TLR-2 production Inhibition of p38, ERK and JNK MAPK Decreasing mRNA level for MMP-9 |
quercetin |
| [74] | Inhibition of malondialdehyde production | quercetin encapsulated in liposomes |
| [78] | Inhibition of inflammatory cytokines, enhancing free radical scavenging ability, increasing reepithelialization |
quercetin, chitosan, alginate |
| [79] | Decreasing histamine 4 receptor-induced calcium influx through the TRPV1 channel | quercetin |
| [81] | Decreasing inflammatory cytokines levels and INOS-positive cells Increasing CD206-positive cells activity Induction of macrophage polarization to M2 |
quercetin |
| [82] | Induction of VEGF, TGF-β Increasing GAP-43 concentration Reduction in MMP-9 and TNF-α |
quercetin |
| Protection against skin oxidation, anti-inflammatory, and antiseptic properties | ||
| [85] | Changing electron cloud density, Inhibition of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 cytokines |
quercetin |
| [87] | Antimicrobial activity | quercetin on CuO nanorods |
| [89] | Antimicrobial activity | quercetin + copper complex + polycaprolactone |
| [90] | Antimicrobial activity | quercetin-loaded lipid carriers |
| [92] | Antimicrobial activity regulation of MMP-8 and MPO activity Increasing collagen and hydroxyproline deposition |
extract of Rhus coriaria (quercetin) |
| [93] | Antimicrobial activity | Extract of Syncarpia hillii (Querciturone) |
| [94] | Antimicrobial activity | Extract of Opuntia spp. (quercetin and its glycosides) |
| [95] | Antimicrobial activity | Extract of Bridelia ferruginea (quercetin) |
| [96] | Antimicrobial activity UV protection | Extract of z Spermacoce princeae (quercetin) |