Table 3.
Association of sociodemographic and anthropometric characteristics in women with adequate total water intake based on recommendations.
| Exclusive | Mixed | No Breastfeeding | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mothers n (%) who met the recommendation | 160 (76.2) | 122 (62.2) | 131 (87.3) | 0.004 |
| Weight (kg) | 67.2 (18.0) | 67.9 (19.0) | 69.0 (20.0) | 0.533 |
| BMI of mothers (kg/m2) | 24.4 (6.1) | 24.1 (7.2) | 24.7 (6.3) | 0.797 |
| Underweight n (%) | 2 (0.5) | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | 0.983 * |
| Normal weight n (%) | 96 (23.2) | 71 (17.2) | 73 (17.7) | |
| Overweight n (%) | 36 (8.7) | 27 (6.5) | 33 (8.0) | |
| Obese n (%) | 26 (6.3) | 23 (5.6) | 24 (5.8) | |
| Mothers’ age (years) | 34.2 (6.0) | 33.6 (5.8) | 35.2 (6.0) | 0.048 |
| Mothers’ education (years of school) | 16.7 (2.0) | 16.6 (2.0) | 16.4 (2.0) | 0.407 |
| Total water intake (mL/day) | 3635.9 (1000) | 3648.9 (750) | 3494.1 (1050) | 0.117 |
| Water intake from drinking water (only) (mL/day) | 1986.1 (945) | 1746.2 (760) | 1810.8 (960) | 0.095 |
| Water intake from liquids (except for water) (mL/day) | 862.1 (505.4) | 823.50 (716.3) | 892.62 (438.12) | <0.001 |
| Water from foods (mL/day) | 762.5 (339.0) | 741.6 (242.0) | 715.2 (278.0) | 0.215 |
| Water from juices (mL/day) | 110.1 (244.2) | 91.5 (244.2) | 53.3 (34.9) | 0.024 |
| Water from soft drinks (mL/day) | 47.1 (37.9) | 50.6 (37.9) | 41.7 (37.9) | 0.896 |
| Water from tea (mL/day) | 69.4 (74.8) | 67.5 (29.9) | 82.5 (29.9) | 0.524 |
| Water from coffee (mL/day) | 334.9 (43.0) | 352.6 (475.0) | 461.9 (475.0) | <0.001 |
| Water from milk (mL/day) | 94.8 (240.6) | 160.6 (240.6) | 74.5 (34.4) | 0.087 |
| Total water loss (mL/day) | 3790.47 (1680) | 3508.38 (1470.1) | 2767.07 (1749.2) | <0.001 |
| Water loss from urine | 1600 (563) | 1475 (1350) | 1808.33 (675) | 0.755 |
| Water loss from faces | 172.22 (63) | 188.89 (56) | 127.04 (78) | 0.635 |
| Water loss from sweat | 1232.86 (1534.17) | 1519.48 (1509.5) | 1307.01 (1223.25) | 0.491 |
| Water balance (mL/day) | −128.60 (1869.3) | −120.05 (1643.5) | 715.86 (1330) | <0.001 |
Adequate total water intake based on daily recommendation: 2700 mL for breastfeeding and 2000 mL for non-breastfeeding women. Results are presented as the 5% trimmed mean (IQR) or n (%). p-values refer to comparisons between groups and are derived via Kruskal-Wallis test or chi-square test *.