Table 1.

Characteristics and latest developments of common batteries [6,7,8,9,10].

Battery Type	Energy Density (Wh/kg)	Common Working Voltage (V)	Cycle Life (Times)	Cost	Environmental Impact	Recent Development
Alkaline	50–150	1.5	N/A	Low	Moderate	Alkaline zinc-based batteries (widely used in daily energy storage)
Nickel–Cadmium	45–80	1.2	500–1500	Moderate	High (toxic metals)	N/A
Nickel–Metal Hydride	60–120	1.2	500–1000	Moderate	Lower than NiCd	Nickel hydrogen gas batteries (applied to aerospace and power grid scale)
Lead-Acid	50–100	2	500–2500	Low	High (toxic lead)	Use as power batteries (risk of being replaced)
Lithium-Ion	110–160	2.5/3.3/3.6–3.7	1000–8000	High	Lower than NiCd and Lead-Acid	Solid-state batteries, silicon anode research, improved safety features