Table 3.

Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment [32].

	random sequence generation (selection bias)	allocation concealment (selection bias)	blinding (performance bias and detection bias) participant	blinding (performance bias and detection bias) personnel	blinding (performance bias and detection bias) outcome assessor	incomplete outcome (attrition bias)	selective reporting (reporting bias)	other bias
Ávila-Gandía et al., 2020 [36]
Barquilha et al., 2023 [37]
Brook et al., 2021 [38]
Heileson et al., 2023 [39]
Jakeman et al., 2017 [40]
Lee et al., 2022 [41]
Lembke et al., 2014 [16]
Mullins et al., 2022 [42]
Nieman et al., 2015 [43]
Tomczk et al., 2024 [33]
Tsuchiya et al., 2021 [34]
Tsuchiya et al., 2016 [17]
VanDusseldrorp et al., 2020 [37]

Risk of bias summary: review authors’ judgments about each risk of bias item for each included study. (+) = low risk of bias; (?) = unclear risk of bias; (−) = high risk of bias.