Table 3.

Tabulation of opportunities for action to support both ocean health and human health and wellbeing in a changing planetary environment. All actions need to be initiated immediately (source: Fleming, Landrigan et al. 2024 [108]).

Overarching	Equitably deliver the 30 x 30 target, with genuine commitment to equity and human wellbeing goals and integrating OECMs
	Slow climate change and prevent pollution from reaching the ocean, particularly by reducing greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels to net zero by 2050 and eliminating plastic pollution
	Link ocean and human health indicators together for ongoing monitoring, prevention, and evaluation with shared data
Health	Support equitable and sustainable marine medicine discovery research
	Promote ocean sustainable healthcare systems
Equity	Uphold human rights and support marine tenure for local communities and Indigenous Peoples
	Ensure community co-creation and involvement in marine planning
	Create cross-sectoral linkages to bridge divides and encourage co-creation
Knowledge	Create and support digital DNA libraries containing the genetic blueprints for most marine life
	Promote sustainable nutrition sensitive aquaculture and fisheries management
	Develop policies to enable behavioural change to foster pro-environmental behaviour
Wealth	Identify processes and products to be developed as socially relevant, economically sustainable, and environmentally friendly
	Support sustainable seafood (mollusc and seaweed) cultivation and harvest
	Upscale blue care prescription programmes
Finance	Scale up investment in a sustainable and equitable ocean economy
	Incorporate metrics of natural capital and human capital into all benefits evaluations
	Reform global finance and trade to provide more equitable access to marine resources