4WID	Four-wheel independent drive
ABS	Anti-lock braking system
AFS	Active front steering
DOF	Degree-of-freedom
DYC	Direct yaw-moment control
EV	Electric vehicle
PID	Proportional–integral–derivative
LQR	Linear quadratic regulator
MPC	Model predictive control
SMC	Sliding mode control
TSMC	Terminal SMC
NTSMC	Non-singular TSMC
NFTSMC	Non-singular fast TSMC
NN	Neural network
RBFNN	Radial basis function NN
RMSE	Root mean square error