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Average Turnout Gap by Mode.
| Turnout Gap (Percent) | ||
|---|---|---|
|
|
||
| Survey | Telephone | Face-to-Face |
|
| ||
| ANES | 19 | 16 |
| GSS | 17 | 13 |
| CPS | 18 | 11 |
Note: ANES data 1952–2008 for face-to-face; ANES data 1984–2002 for telephone; GSS data 2004–2008; CPS data 1974–2008. ANES = American National Election Studies; CPS = Current Population Survey; GSS = General Social Survey.
