Figure 5. Gene expression profiling of metastatic and kidney biopsy sites.

(A) Volcano plot of relative gene expression of all metastatic samples compared with kidney. Colored data points indicate log₂ (fold changes) ≥ 1 or ≤ –1 and raw (yellow) or adjusted (green) P value < 0.05. (B) Expression of genes significantly upregulated in panel A for each metastatic site relative to kidney. *Raw P < 0.05, **Adjusted P < 0.05. (C) Pathway analysis of the significantly upregulated genes in panel A, with the top 5 over-represented pathways from Reactome database shown. (D) Venn diagram representing differentially expressed genes for lung, bone, and liver sites compared with kidney. met, metastases; GI, gastrointestinal.