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. 2024 Jul 13;24:148. doi: 10.1186/s12874-024-02271-w

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Results of the two-step estimation procedure for males in blue and females in red, by period of calibration (from 1993 to 2004 in a light colour and from 2005 to 2019 in a dark colour): probabilities of starting ( $γ (a)$ ) and stopping smoking ( $ϵ (a)$ ), and probability of smoking relapse ( $η (c)$ ), with 90% confidence bands, (a) and (c); prevalence of never (N), current (C) and former (F) smokers, with 90% confidence bands, (b) and (d)