Table 1.
Effects and regulatory mechanisms of post-translational modifications in the carcinogenesis of liver cancer
| Modified type | Expression change | Regulator | Protein | Related mechanisms | Role | Functions | Publication year | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phosphorylation | Upregulated | CKB T133 | GPX4 | IGF1R/AKT/CKB/GPX4 | Carcinogenic | Promote cell viability and tumor growth | 2023 | [68] |
| Phosphorylation | Upregulated | AK2 | LOX3 | EGF-EGFR/TOM20/AK2/LOX3/DHODH | Carcinogenic | Promote cell viability and chemoresistance to oxaliplatin | 2023 | [69] |
| Phosphorylation | Upregulated | Metformin | DOCK1 | Metformin/DOCK1/RAC1 | Carcinogenic | Promote cell viability and resistance to metformin | 2022 | [71] |
| Phosphorylation | Upregulated | PCK1 | INSIG1/2 | AKT/PCK1/INSIG1/2/SREBP1 | Carcinogenic | Promote cell proliferation, lipogenesis, and tumorigenesis | 2020 | [70] |
| Phosphorylation | Upregulated | PKCα | ZFP64 | PKCα/ZFP64/CSF1 | Carcinogenic | Promote macrophages to the M2 phenotype, immune escape, and anti-PD1 tolerance | 2022 | [72] |
| Acetylation | Upregulated | Sirtuin 2 | FGL1 | Sirtuin 2/FGL1 | Carcinogenic | Promote immune evasion, tumor growth, and overall survival | 2023 | [78] |
| Acetylation | Upregulated | PCAF | PGK1 | PCAF/PGK1 | Carcinogenic | Promote cell glycolysis, proliferation, and tumorigenesis | 2017 | [79] |
| Acetylation | Downregulated | GCN5L1 | GLS1, and GLS2 | GCN5L1/GLS1/GLS2/mTORC1 | Tumor suppressor | Inhibit glutaminolysis, cell proliferation, and tumor growth | 2022 | [80] |
| Acetylation | Upregulated | SCARB2 | MYC | SCARB2/MYC | Carcinogenic | Promote cell proliferation, invasion, stem cell-like characteristics, and tumorigenesis | 2023 | [89] |
| Acetylation | Upregulated | IL‐6 | GαS | IL‐6/GαS/STAT3 | Carcinogenic | Drive hepatocarcinogenesis | 2023 | [81] |
| Methylation | Upregulated | PRMT9 | HSPA8 | HBx/PRMT9/HSPA8/CD44 | Carcinogenic | Inhibit ferroptosis, promote cell proliferation and tumor growth | 2023 | [96] |
| Methylation | Upregulated | PRMT3 | IGF2BP1 | PRMT3/IGF2BP1/HEG1 | Carcinogenic | Promote cell proliferation and chemoresistance to oxaliplatin | 2023 | [93] |
| Methylation | Upregulated | PRMT1 | PHGDH | PRMT1/PHGDH/serine | Carcinogenic | Promote serine synthesis, cell proliferation, and tumor growth | 2023 | [95] |
| Methylation | Upregulated | PRMT5 | RORα | ROS/PRMT5/ITCH/RORα | Carcinogenic | Promote cell proliferation, cell migration, and invasion | 2023 | [110] |
| Methylation | Upregulated | PRMT1 | PFKFB3 | TK1/TRIM48/PRMT1/PFKFB3 | Carcinogenic | Promote glycolysis, cell proliferation, tumor growth, and metastasis | 2023 | [94] |
| Glycosylation | Upregulated | B3GALT5 | mTOR | B3GALT5/mTOR/p70s6k | Carcinogenic | Promote glycolysis, cell proliferation, and tumor growth | 2022 | [112] |
| Glycosylation | Upregulated | GALNT1 | MMP14 | GALNT1/MMP14 | Carcinogenic | Promote tissue invasion, metastases, and ECM degradation | 2017 | [114] |
| Glycosylation | Upregulated | SLC35A2 | B4GalT1 | SLC35A2/B4GalT1 | Carcinogenic | Promote cell invasion, and metastasis | 2023 | [113] |
| Glycosylation | Downregulated | O-GlcNAcylation | PARG | PARG O-GlcNAcylation/DDB1/c-Myc | Tumor suppressor | Inhibit tumor growth | 2023 | [115] |
| Glycosylation | Downregulated | ST6GAL1 | MCAM | ST6GAL1/MCAM | Tumor suppressor | Inhibit cell migration, invasion, and tumor metastasis | 2023 | [118] |