Table 2.
Clinical significance of post-translational modifications in liver cancer
| Modified type | Regulator | Target | Role | Samples | Clinical application(s) | Clinical relevance | Publication year | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phosphorylation | CKB T133 | GPX4 | Carcinogenic | 293 T, THLE-2, MDA-MB-231, A549, HCT116, LN18, and LN229 cells, human HCC and adjacent matched non-tumor tissues, xenograft mouse models, and orthotopic mouse models | Predict the prognosis | Unfavorable prognosis (overall survival) | 2023 | [68] |
| Phosphorylation | AK2 | LOX3 | Carcinogenic | Huh7 and Hep3B cells, S704D-LOXL3 mice, human cancer and adjacent tissues of 50 patients with HCC | Predict the prognosis | High-grade pathological grading and worse prognosis | 2023 | [69] |
| Phosphorylation | PCK1 | INSIG1/2 | Carcinogenic | Hep3B, Huh7, H1993, CHL-1, SNU-398, SNU-475, HL7702, THLE-2, and 293 T cells, human HCC and adjacent matched non-tumor tissues, xenograft mouse models, and orthotopic mouse models | Predict the prognosis | Unfavorable prognosis (overall survival) | 2020 | [70] |
| Phosphorylation | PKCα | ZFP64 | Carcinogenic | Human HCC HCCLM3, MHCC97H, MHCC97L, HepG2, PLC/PRF/5, mouse HCC Hepa1-6 cells, spontaneously tumorigenic transgenic mouse models, and human HCC puncture specimens | Predict the prognosis and anti-PD1 therapy | Anti-PD1 tolerance and unfavorable prognosis (overall survival and disease-free survival) | 2022 | [72] |
| Acetylation | Sirtuin 2 | FGL1 | Carcinogenic | HEK293T, HCCLM3, SMMC-7721, Huh7, Hepa 1–6, and H22 cells, Hepa 1–6 and H22 cancer mouse models, and human HCC tissues and paired adjacent tissues | Predict the prognosis; anti-PD1 therapy | Enhance HCC immunotherapy and unfavorable prognosis (tumor stage, size, and overall survival) | 2023 | [78] |
| Acetylation | PCAF | PGK1 | Carcinogenic | HepG2, HCCLM3, Huh7, HL7702, SNU739, SNU182, JHH5, JHH4, Huh28, SNU449, SNU421, SNU886, SNU761, and SNU739 cells, mouse xenograft models, and human HCC tissues and paired adjacent tissues | Predict the prognosis | unfavorable prognosis (overall survival and recurrence) | 2017 | [79] |
| Acetylation | GCN5L1 | GLS1 and GLS2 | Tumor suppressor | Murine hepa1‐6 and hepa1c1c7 cells, human HepG2 and Huh7 cells, DEN and CCl4‐induced HCC mouse models, and human HCC tissues and paired adjacent normal tissues | Predict the prognosis | Unfavorable prognosis (overall survival, progression‐free survival, and disease‐free survival) | 2022 | [80] |
| Acetylation | IL‐6 | GαS | Carcinogenic | hcPCs, HCC mouse models, and human HCC tissues and paired adjacent normal tissues | Predict the prognosis and prevent hepatocarcinogenesis | Unfavorable prognosis (tumor stage, histological grade, overall survival, and disease‐free survival) | 2023 | [81] |
| Methylation | PRMT9 | HSPA8 | Carcinogenic | HepG2, MHCC97H, and Huh7 cells, murine HCC models, and human HCC tumor samples and adjacent normal tissues | Predict the prognosis | Unfavorable prognosis (overall survival) | 2023 | [96] |
| Methylation | PRMT3 | IGF2BP1 | Carcinogenic | PLC-8024, Huh7, and HepG2 cells, murine HCC models, patient-derived cell (PDC) models, and human HCC tissues | Predict the prognosis; oxaliplatin resistance | Unfavorable prognosis (tumor stage, histological grade, overall survival, and disease‐free survival) | 2023 | [93] |
| Methylation | PRMT1 | PHGDH | Carcinogenic | Huh7, PLC/PRF/5, and HEK293T cells, murine HCC models, and human HCC tissues | Predict the prognosis; therapeutic target | TAT-tagged nonmethylated peptide and unfavorable prognosis (overall survival) | 2023 | [95] |
| Methylation | PRMT1 | PFKFB3 | Carcinogenic | Murine HEK 293 T cells, human HCC cell lines (MHCC97H, Hep3B, MHCC97L, HCCLM3, and Huh7), murine HCC models, and human HCC tissues and adjacent paired non-tumor tissues | Predict the prognosis; therapeutic target | Unfavorable prognosis (tumor volume, microvascular invasion, TNM stage, overall survival, and disease‐free survival) | 2023 | [94] |
| Glycosylation | B3GALT5 | mTOR | Carcinogenic | HUH7, PLC/PRF5, HCCLM3, and HLE cells, murine HCC models, and human HCC tissues and adjacent paired non-tumor tissues | Predict the prognosis; therapeutic target | Unfavorable prognosis (overall survival) | 2022 | [112] |
| Glycosylation | GALNT1 | MMP14 | Carcinogenic | HepG2 cells, murine HCC models, and human HCC tissues and adjacent paired non-tumor tissues | Predict the prognosis | Unfavorable prognosis (overall survival) | 2017 | [114] |
| Glycosylation | SLC35A2 | B4GalT1 | Carcinogenic | Hep3B, HepG2, MHCC97L, MHCC97H, and HCCLM6 cells and human HCC tissues and adjacent paired non-tumor tissues | Predict the prognosis | Unfavorable prognosis (overall survival) | 2023 | [113] |
| Phosphorylation | Metformin | DOCK1 | Carcinogenic | Liver cancer cell lines (HEK293T, PLC, Hep3B, Huh7, SNU423, SNU449, and SNU475), human HCC and adjacent nontumor liver tissues, patient-derived HCC organoids, xenograft mouse models, and orthotopic mouse models | Personalized therapeutic strategy | / | 2022 | [71] |
| Acetylation | SCARB2 | MYC | Carcinogenic | HepG2, Huh7, Hep3B, Hepa1-6, H22, 293FT, and HEK 293 T cells, tumor organoids, and HCC mouse models | Therapeutic target | Brefeldin A | 2023 | [89] |
| Methylation | PRMT5 | RORα | Carcinogenic | HepG2 cells, and murine HCC models | Therapeutic target | / | 2023 | [110] |
| Glycosylation | O-GlcNAcylation | PARG | Tumor suppressor | U2OS and 293 T cells, and murine HCC models | / | / | 2023 | [115] |
| Glycosylation | ST6GAL1 | MCAM | Tumor suppressor | Hep3B, Huh7, SMMC-7721, YY-8103, HepG2, MHCC97L, MHCC97H, 293 T, and HCCLM3 cells and human HCC tissues and adjacent paired non-tumor tissues | / | / | 2023 | [118] |