Table 2.
Characteristics of participants by IAD status (n = 4,517)
| IAD, mmHg | Missing, n | Total, n | IAD < 10 mmHg | IAD ≥ 10 mmHg | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 3,440 | 95% CI | n = 1,077 | 95% CI | |||
| Sex | 0 | |||||
| Women | 2,220 (49.2) | 1,625 (47.2) | 45.57–48.91 | 595 (55.3) | 52.26–58.19 | |
| Men | 2,297 (50.8) | 1,815 (52.8) | 51.09–54.43 | 482 (44.8) | 41.81–47.74 | |
| Lifestyle habits | ||||||
| Smoking | 26 | |||||
| Never | 1,855 (41.3) | 1,419 (41.5) | 39.85–43.15 | 436 (40.7) | 37.80-43.15 | |
| Current | 737 (16.4) | 560 (16.4) | 15.17–17.65 | 177 (16.5) | 14.42–18.87 | |
| Former | 1,899 (42.3) | 1,441 (42.1) | 40.49–43.80 | 458 (42.8) | 39.83–45.75 | |
| Alcohol, units/week | 227 | |||||
| ♀: <7, ♂: <14 | 3,422 (79.8) | 2,585 (79.4) | 77.97-80-75 | 837 (81.0) | 78.44–83.23 | |
| ♀: 7–14, ♂: 14–21 | 595 (13.9) | 454 (13.9) | 12.80-15.18 | 141 (13.6) | 11.68–15.87 | |
| ♀: ≥14, ♂: ≥21 | 273 (6.3) | 217 (6.7) | 5.86–7.57 | 56 (5.4) | 4.19–6.97 | |
| Level of exercise* | 45 | |||||
| Low | 418 (9.4) | 301 (8.8) | 7.93–9.84 | 117 (11.0) | 9.23-13.00 | |
| Moderate | 2,832 (63.3) | 2,142 (62.9) | 61.25–64.50 | 690 (64.7) | 61.81–67.54 | |
| High | 1,153 (25.8) | 909 (26.7) | 25.23–28.20 | 244 (22.9) | 20.46–25.51 | |
| Very high | 69 (1.5) | 54 (1.6) | 1.22–2.06 | 15 (1.4) | 0.85–2.32 | |
| BMI, kg/ m2 | 57 | |||||
| < 25 | 1,698 (38.1) | 1,370 (40.3) | 38.67–41.97 | 328 (30.9) | 28.20-33.76 | |
| 25–30 | 1,780 (39.9) | 1,361 (40.0) | 38.41–41.70 | 419 (39.5) | 36.59–42.47 | |
| ≥ 30 | 982 (22.0) | 668 (19.7) | 18.35–21.02 | 314 (29.6) | 26.92–32.41 | |
| Medications | ||||||
| Lipid-lowering | 25 | 1,380 (30.7) | 1,050 (30.7) | 29.16–32.25 | 330 (30.8) | 28.14–33.68 |
| Antiplatelet | 25 | 834 (18.6) | 644 (18.8) | 17.54–20.16 | 190 (17.8) | 15.58–20.16 |
| Antihypertensive | 25 | 1,855 (41.3) | 1,410 (41.2) | 39.56–42.86 | 445 (41.6) | 38.67–44.57 |
| Antidiabetic | 25 | 345 (7.7) | 257 (7.5) | 6.67–8.44 | 88 (8.2) | 6.72–10.03 |
| Screening results | ||||||
|
Peripheral atherosclerosis Carotid plaque |
8 n/a** |
1,802 (40.0) 1,735 (38.4) |
1,346 (39.2) 1,296 (37.7) |
37.55–40.82 36.07–39.31 |
456 (42.5) 439 (40.8) |
39.57–45.48 37.90-43.77 |
| LEAD | 7 | 249 (5.5) | 176 (5.1) | 4.43–5.91 | 73 (6.8) | 5.44–8.47 |
| BP 140–159/90–99 mmHg | 0 | 1,463 (32.4) | 1,047 (30.4) | 28.92-32.00 | 416 (38.6) | 35.76–41.57 |
| BP ≥ 160/100, mmHg | 0 | 660 (14.6) | 458 (13.3) | 12.22–14.49 | 202 (18.8) | 16.53–21.20 |
| HbA1c ≥ 48, mmol/mol | n/a** | 404 (8.9) | 296 (8.6) | 7.72–9.60 | 108 (10.0) | 8.37–11.97 |
Abbreviations: BMI, Body Mass Index; BP, blood pressure; CI, confidence interval; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; IAD, interarm blood pressure difference; LEAD, lower extremity arterial disease
* Level of physical activity was grouped into: low (sedentary recreational activities like reading and watching television), moderate (low-intensity physical activity, at least 4 h a week), high (activity of high intensity, at least 4 h a week) and very high (competitive sports on a regular basis) during the past year
** To protect anonymity, we are not allowed to report numbers ≤ 3