Table 3.
Characteristics of participants with an IAD ≥ 10 mmHg, by sex (n = 1,077)
| Sex | Missing | Total, n | Women | Men | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | n = 595 | 95% CI | n = 482 | 95% CI | |||
| Lifestyle habits | |||||||
| Smoking | 6 | ||||||
| Never | 436 (40.7) | 264 (44.7) | 40.70-48.71 | 172 (35.8) | 31.66–40.23 | ||
| Current | 177 (16.5) | 91 (15.4) | 12.70-18.54 | 86 (17.9) | 14.73–21.61 | ||
| Former | 458 (42.8) | 236 (39.9) | 36.05–43.94 | 222 (46.3) | 41.83–50.73 | ||
| Alcohol, units/week | 43 | ||||||
| ♀: <7, ♂: <14 | 837 (81.0) | 470 (82.5) | 79.11–85.37 | 367 (79.1) | 75.15–82.56 | ||
| ♀: 7–14, ♂: 14–21 | 141 (13.6) | 81 (14.2) | 11.57–17.33 | 60 (12.9) | 10.17–16.31 | ||
| ♀: ≥14, ♂: U ≥ 21 | 56 (5.4) | 19 (3.3) | 2.13–5.17 | 37 (8.0) | 5.83–10.82 | ||
| Level of exercise* | 11 | ||||||
| Low | 117 (11.0) | 60 (10.2) | 8.00-12.93 | 57 (11.9) | 9.31–15.15 | ||
| Moderate | 690 (64.7) | 405 (68.9) | 65.01–72.50 | 285 (59.6) | 55.15–63.94 | ||
| High | 244 (22.9) | 119 (20.2) | 17.18–23.68 | 125 (26.2) | 22.40-30.28 | ||
| Very high | 15 (1.4) | 4 (0.7) | 0.26–1.80 | 11 (2.3) | 1.28–4.11 | ||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 16 | ||||||
| < 25 | 328 (30.9) | 204 (35.1) | 31.28–39.02 | 124 (25.9) | 22.16-30.00 | ||
| 25–30 | 419 (39.5) | 206 (35.4) | 31.61–39.37 | 213 (44.5) | 40.07–48.96 | ||
| ≥ 30 | 314 (29.6) | 172 (29.5) | 25.98–33.39 | 142 (29.6) | 25.72–33.90 | ||
| Medications | |||||||
| Lipid-lowering | 7 | 330 (30.8) | 185 (31.3) | 27.69–35.16 | 145 (30.3) | 26.32–34.54 | |
| Antiplatelet | 7 | 190 (17.8) | 98 (16.6) | 13.79–19.81 | 92 (19.2) | 15.92–22.99 | |
| Antihypertensive | 7 | 445 (41.6) | 240 (40.6) | 36.71–44.63 | 205 (42.8) | 38.43–47.28 | |
| Antidiabetic | 7 | 88 (8.2) | 50 (8.5) | 6.47–10.99 | 38 (7.9) | 5.82–10.72 | |
| Screening results | |||||||
| Peripheral atherosclerosis** | 4 | 456 (42.5) | 217 (36.7) | 32.86–40.62 | 239 (49.7) | 45.23–54.15 | |
| BP 140–159/90–99 mmHg | 0 | 416 (38.6) | 196 (32.9) | 29.28–36.83 | 220 (45.6) | 41.24–50.12 | |
| BP ≥ 160/100, mmHg | 0 | 202 (18.8) | 95 (16.0) | 13.23–19.14 | 107 (22.2) | 18.71–26.13 | |
| HbA1c ≥ 48, mmol/mol | 0 | 108 (10.0) | 61 (10.3) | 8.06–12.96 | 47 (9.8) | 7.40-12.74 | |
Abbreviations: BMI, Body Mass Index; BP, blood pressure; CI, confidence interval; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; IAD, interarm blood pressure difference
* Level of physical activity was grouped into: low (sedentary recreational activities like reading and watching television), moderate (low-intensity physical activity, at least 4 h a week), high (activity of high intensity, at least 4 h a week) and very high (competitive sports on a regular basis) during the past year
** Peripheral atherosclerosis constitutes lower extremity arterial disease and carotid plaque