Table 4.

Factors associated with an IAD ≥ 10 mmHg

	Unadjusted			Adjusted*
	OR	95% CI	P-value	OR	95% CI	P-value
Sex
Men	ref			ref
Women	1.38	1.20–1.58	< 0.001	1.53	1.32–1.77	< 0.001
Lifestyle habits
Smoking
Never	ref			ref
Current	1.03	0.84–1.26	0.782	1.10	0.89–1.36	0.388
Former	1.03	0.89–1.20	0.695	1.05	0.90–1.23	0.31
Alcohol, units/week
♀: <7, ♂: <14	ref
♀: 7–14, ♂: 14–21	0.96	0.78–1.18	0.686	-
♀: ≥14, ♂: ≥21	0.80	0.59–1.08	0.143	-
Level of exercise
Low	ref			ref
Moderate	0.83	0.66–1.04	0.110	0.90	0.71–1.14	0.386
High	0.69	0.53–0.89	0.005	0.84	0.64–1.11	0.221
Very high	0.71	0.39–1.32	0.281	0.97	0.52–1.82	0.934
BMI, kg/m2
< 25	ref			ref
25–30	1.29	1.09–1.51	0.002	1.32	1.11–1.56	0.001
≥ 30	1.96	1.64–2.35	< 0.001	1.88	1.55–2.27	< 0.001
Lipid-lowering
Not using	ref
Using	1.00	0.87–1.17	0.922	-
Antiplatelet
Not using	ref
Using	0.93	0.78–1.11	0.435	-
Antihypertensive
Not using	ref
Using	1.02	0.88–1.17	0.823	-
Antidiabetic
Not using	ref
Using	1.10	0.86–1.42	0.444	-
Peripheral atherosclerosis **
Not found	ref			ref
Found	1.15	1.00-1.32	0.052	1.11	0.95–1.28	0.191
BP ≥ 160/100, mmHg ***
Not found	ref			ref
140–159/90–99	1.68	1.44–1.95	< 0.001	1.68	1.44–1.97	< 0.001
≥ 160/100 mmHg	1.86	1.53–2.26	< 0.001	1.82	1.49–2.23	< 0.001
HbA1c ≥ 48, mmol/mol
Not found	ref
Found	1.18	0.94–1.49	0.156	-

Abbreviations: BMI, Body Mass Index; BP, blood pressure; CI, confidence interval; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; IAD, interarm blood pressure difference. OR, odds ratio

* In the adjusted analyses, we entered variables with an unadjusted p value of < 0.1 and smoking; as smoking may constitute a clinically relevant risk factor for interarm difference

** Peripheral atherosclerosis constitutes lower extremity arterial disease and carotid plaque

*** Blood pressure is the mean of the second and third blood pressure measurements in accordance with guidelines